The Mechanical Engineering And Metal Engineering Essay

The Mechanical Engineering And sur search Engineering EssayMetal wear upon is ca utilise by repeated cycling of the load. It is a progressive localize damage due to fluctuating heargons and strains on the veridical. Metal bore spells enlighten and propagate in regions where the strain is most distasteful. This cyclic laden and crack initiation is represented using S-N bring down balls. The Fig 1.1 consists of constant cyclic attempt amplitude(S) which is applied to a ideal and the do of loading staves (N) until the example betters is determined. The fulfill dull functionure is consists of three main stages. The first stage consists of initial crack initiation. The second stage consists of progressive crack growth crossways the discussion section and the third and final stage consists of sudden fracture of the be cross section.The dull strength is the breed at which failure occurs for a presumption compute of cycles, whereas the fatigue life is the number of cycles required paladinstantive to fail. The most important concept of the S-N diagram is shown in Fig 1.1. This prognosticate consists of S-N curves for Steel and Aluminium. (By Shawn M. Kelly)http//www.efunda.com/ markulae/solid_mechanics/fatigue/images/fatigue_SN_01.gif discover 1.1 S-N curves for brand name and aluminium.The subject of fatigue examen is extensive, and is complicated by the important factors like the get along conditions of the exemplification, the theatrical role of the try unwrap variation, and the influence of the shape of the exemplar on the seek flow. As it is cognise as that the heightsly polished samples withstand better fatigue than the radiation pattern fatigue one and only(a)s. The most damaging type of stress variation is the realize reversal, which is between the limit for which the stress range is 2. Fluctuating stresses atomic number 18 little damaging, the standard case is between the limit 0 and +. For somewhat signifi mu cklets much(prenominal) as aluminium, no stomachurance limit exists and in that locationfore it should be planned life period of the structure to be less(prenominal) than the failure point.http//htmlimg1.scribdassets.com/izqlx4lamohzwzk/images/10-d0617ea942/000.jpg betoken 1.2 Fluctuating Stress Cycle.The above kind illustrates repeated stress cycle in which max (Rmax) is the maximum stress and min (Rmim) is the minimum stress and both(prenominal) ar non equal. Here t is the time and a is the stress amplitude and m is the mean stress.In low fatigue cycle region (NIn this prove fatigue see for aluminium alloys of serial 2000 admit been conducted and described.S-N Curve Experiment for 6000 and 2000 Aluminium Alloys SeriesThe fatigue failure audition is carried out for two incompatible types of aluminium alloys i.e. 6082 and 2011 exemplifications. These tastes argon carried in two contrary groups.A typical standard type is shown in Fig 1.3 as calibrate the stairs. I t is recommended to test at least 10 ideals of each type and they all must be cut from one length of the material.http//static.tecquipment.com/Products/RF1020_ALUMINIUM- daunt-SPECIMEN.jpg visualize 1.3 Test Specimen.A set of bending stresses from 0.9 of the pass on or proof stress to 0.4 of the eventual(prenominal) strength is selected to match the number of the test exemplifications for the complete experiment. The setting up of the warning on the railroad car is a reasonably simple operation which is make in befitting mannerology. The main object is to align the specimen and loading arm with the bloc of rotation to eliminate stresses due to eccentric whirling of the specimen.Both in drive shaft and the loading arm puts, loose collet ensn be is inserted. These inserts 9mm diameter ends of the test specimen are slid as shown in Fig. 1.4.http//www.twi.co.uk/twiimages/jk78f1.jpg direct 1.4 Setting up of machine. ( by http//www.twi.co.uk/content/jk78.html)The collet is fi rst reduce on the drive shaft chuck so that so that about 1 mm shoulder shows between the start of the neck and the face of the collet of the specimen. thence the loading arm is pushed on to the end of the specimen and adjusts the collet to give a sliding fit. The position of loading the loading arm is in such a way that the dimension of 109.5 mm is attained from the rear face of the bearing housing to the adjacent end of the neck of the specimen as shown in Fig 1.4 and ultimately choky the collet with the spanner. The specimen is rotated to determine that the end of the laughingstocktilever ferment axially differently the specimen must get bend and send away be discarded.BearingDrive shaft and bearingElectric repulseChuck in which specimen is fitted.ON/OFF transferCUsersasimDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesattachments_16_12_2010DSC01501.JPG solve 1.4 Rotating scare off MachineThe counterbalance and load hangers should be ensured are in place. Switch motor ON and OFF to verify smooth running. The bending stress for the test is selected and required load or weight is applied on the load hanger. The revolution counter is set to zero ahead outset the machine and safety guard is utilize over the apparatus. The fracture time which might occur is estimated and noned.Endurance LimitThe stress value down the stairs which the material will withstand m whatever number of load cycles. It is excessively known as fatigue limit. The stress level below which a specimen will withstand cyclic stress indefinitely without exhibiting fatigue failure. Rigid, elastic, low damping materials such as thermosetting plastics and some crystal roue thermoplastics do not exhibit an survival limit. Also known asFATIGUE LIMIT.(CRC Press LLC 1989)Ultimate stressIt is defined as the maximum/ crowning(prenominal) load chthonian which a specimen breaks or fails. Stress equal to ultimate load is ultimate stress.Mean StressIt is defined as the algebraic sum of maximum and mi nimum stress divided by 2.Ultimate Tensile StrengthIn the wedded experiment ultimate tensile strength is calculated using the following formulap. Where p is the load applied to the material and is the stress.Recorded Data and Graph for 6000 series ingest zero(prenominal)Load (N)Bending Stress (MPa) payoff No. of CycleResults ( function/No- Fail)111.2522521400fail210.6212114800fail39.95199115300fail49.3186293800fail58.65173161000fail68clx184700fail77.35147905100fail86.71342411100fail96.051212765800fail105.91183156700failRecorded Data and Graph for 2000 series assay No.Load(N)Bending Stress (MPa)Result No. of cycles (x100)Result (Fail/Not-fail)113.527095Fail212240407Fail310.5210482Fail491801948Fail58.25clxv1781Fail67.51502662Fail77.01402165Fail86.01204916Fail95.611219970Fail105.2104to a greater extent than 107Not-fail11510010 533Fail124.896More than 107Not-fail134.692144.692More than 107Not-fail15480More than 107Not-fail2. Non-Destructive test Methods2.1 admissionNon-destructive scrutiny (NDT) is a wide range of analysis technique used in wisdom and industries to evaluate the seemlyties of material or component and to detect the daubs in the material without causing damage. The non-destructive testing is the testing of the materials used to find rebel or internal mars or metallurgical conditions without interfering in the integrity of the materials. The stigma includes cracks or inclusions in welds and castings, or variations in structural properties which may make it to loss of strength and finally failure of materials. Non-destructive testing is used for step of components and spacing and for the measurement of physical properties such as internal stress and hardness. It is also used for in-service inspection and for conditions monitoring of operating plants. It is also used to look for sign of wear or internal changes on airplanes in aircraft industries. The NDT method is also a function part of tint subordination which is based on sampling a nalysis, this method is not just for rejecting the lacking(p) material but gives assurance that it is genuine.The common types of Non-Destructive interrogation are give tongue to as followscharismatic Particle Inspection.Figure 2.1 magnetized Particle examination http//www.azom.com/work/8is7fjkADJ5v0JQByKTw_files/image003.gifRadiography Inspection.Figure 2.2 Radiography testing. supersonic scrutiny.Figure 2.3 supersonic Testing.Liquid Penetrant Testing.Figure 2.4 Liquid Penetrant Testing.http//www.twi.co.uk/twiimages/ksijm001f1.gifEddy Current Testing and Electro magnetic Testing.Figure 2.5 Electro Magnetic Testing.http//www.eurondt.com/index_2.gifThere are different types of non-destructive testing used for removing flaws as shown above but two main types of NDT on which experiments are perform are Magnetic particle testing and unhearable Testing.2.2 Magnetic Particle TestingIntroductionMagnetic particle testing is type of non-destructive testing which is used for the dete ction of originate and near-surface flaws in the ferro magnetised materials and it is essentially used for crack detection. Such flaws present in the magnetized part will cause a charismatic plain, i.e. flux, to leave the part. It is however said(prenominal) as if there is a surface-breaking flaw in the specimen, the magnetic field is distorted, causing local magnetic flux leakage around the flaw. If the magnetic particles are applied to the surface of this specimen, the surface is covered by in truth fine atomic number 26 particles and they will be held in the place by the flux leakage to give a visual indication.Figure 2.6 digression in the magnetic flux.http//www.ndt-ed.org/GeneralResources/MethodSummary/MT1.jpg http//www.milinc.com/images/magpartimgs/magpartdiag1.gifThus a crack is indicated as a berth or iron powder particles on the surface. The method of MPT is relevant to all metals which can be strongly magnetised such as ferritic steels, irons and some other alloys but not generally to austenitic steels. The modern equipments generate the magnetic field electrically either nowadays or indirectly. In direct method high gear ampere of underway is passed through the specimen and magnetic flux is generated at right fee to the menstruation flow. Therefore current flow is in the same anxiety of suspect defect. If this method is not possible to carry out because of the orientation of the defect, then the indirect method is used. This consists of two formsPassing high current through a coil that encircles the specimen.Making the test piece form part of a yoke, this is surrounded by a current carrying coil. The magnetic core is to pass magnetic flux along the part to reveal cross(prenominal) and circumferential defects.FluxIt is a term which is used to refer the bill of magnetic field that exist at specific point within that field. It is mensurable in Webers.Flux DensityIt is an indication of the strength of the magnetic field. It is represe nted by the lines of mights which are surrounded around the magnetic circuit, where the lines are closer to the flux. It is measured in Webbers/M2 or Telsa.Magnetic lines of forceThese lines of force are imaginary lines which describes the path a free north depot would take in a magnetic field. These lines can be plan using a compass.data-based ProcedurePump switch.The equipment used for do the experiment is known as Johnson Allen NDT (SBU 2000). It should be sited on a theatre concrete allowing access for servicing. The specimen provided contains fiver mendings in it. The equipment should be machine-accessible to a 230 volt AC, 50Hz, 16 Amp power supply and mobile blow fuses should not be used. Connect Footswitch, Pump, and UV Light via socket to the equipment. revoke main supply on at the wall isolator. Turn the UV light ON and allow 10 mins to warm up. Slide out the ink hopper to within 75mm of the top flange with the Fluorescent Magnetic Ink and slide in the hopper gen tly. Turn the agitation ON and dispensing pump using the twist switch on the right of equipment.Figure 2.7 Magnetic Particles Testing Machine.Headstocks.Ink sp pecker.Clamping knobs.C.F. control knob.AmmeterON/OFF Switch.CUsersasimDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesIMG_0049.JPGHeadstocks can be adjust using the Clamping Knobs at the base. Once specimen is inserted and unexpended side headstock is unflinching then the specimen is ready to be tested. AC is current is used for surface defect and HWDC is used for all defect, so select the HWDC. Check the current control dial is turned to minimum.Experimental PrecautionsThe hole in spite of appearance the given specimen should be clear otherwise the crack line does not come flop.Headstocks should be regularly checked.The specimen should be cleaned properly to prevent arcing and pitting on the surface.Circuits should be check regularly before performing any operation.Experimental ResultsSpecimenThe given specimen contains 5 holes i n it. The specimen is adjusted and fixed between the headstocks as shown in the figure below. Before performing the experiment the specimen should be clean properly other the line is not visible. As the hole was not clear and contains ink in it so the defect line is not obtained on the specimen. This can be seen in the figure below.Figure 2.8 Specimen without defect lineHeadstocksInk spray.CUsersasimDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesattachments_16_12_2010DSC01541.JPGThen the holes are clean, and the experiment is performed again. When it is clean, the two defect lines are visible on the specimen. Hence, as the lines are seen on the specimen it can considered that it contains flaws in it. This works under the rule of right excrete rule and so specimen has to be adjusted perpendicular to the headstocks so flux sound properly from the specimen and flaw.Testing Specimen.Defect lines.Figure 2.8 Specimen with visible defect line.CUsersasimDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesIMG_0060. JPGAdvantages of Magnetic Particles TestingIt gives instant result and rapid inspection can be done for large surfaces.It is simple and easy to conduct.It detects a variety of surface and sub surface flaws, such as crack, porosity, inclusions, shrinkage, laps etceteraSurface preparation is less critical than it is penetrant inspection.Sensitivity of testing can be specified and checked.It is economically cheap.Disadvantages of Magnetic Particles TestingHigh currents applied to the components may cause damage. reflect surface is required for application of this method.Materials which are tested must be ferromagnetic.Deep cracks or flaws are not detected.Materials may need to be demagnetized.Equipment is bulky and heavy.Material or part permeability may fall upon results.High power supply is needed for low surface.2.3 Ultrasonic TestingIntroductionUltrasonic testing is a type of non-destructive testing method that uses high frequency sound loops (ultrasonic) which are above the ran ge of military man hearing and they are used to measure the geometric and physical properties of the materials. Ultrasonic waves travels at different velocities in different materials. There are different ways of sound travels through the material. One type of sound wave is called as compression or longitudinal travels which is at about 330m/s in air and 6400m/s in aluminium and approximately 5960m/s for steel.Figure 2.9 Ultrasonic Testing.http//www.energyworkforce.net/wp-content/uploads/ut1.jpgThe pulsed beams of the ultrasound are used in a simplest instrument and a single probe (transducer) which is hand-held is paced on the surface of the specimen. An reach is connected to the probe which displays with the time-base the time that requires for an ultrasonic pulse to travel through the reflector which can be flaw, black surface etc. The height of the reflected pulse is related to the flaw size as seen from the vector probe which is displayed on oscilloscope screen. A single prob e acts as both transmitter and receiver and hence the inspection can be done from one side of the specimen. Large particle material such as austenitic steel welding, copper casting etc., produce severe attenuation and are unmanageable to test but fine grain material such as forged material can be tested easily. Using the indication on the oscilloscope the size of the flaw can be determined. Ultrasonic attenuation and ultrasonic velocity measurements are used to study various material properties.Experimental ProcedureA typical ultrasonic testing system consists of several functional units such asPulser/receiver.Transducer.Oscilloscope.Connecting wires.Couplant.Mild steel material (specimen).A pulser is an electronic contrivance that can produce high emf electrical pulses. From the high voltage pulses, transducer generates high frequency ultrasonic energy. This sound energy propagates through the material in the form of waves.Couplant.Transducer.OscilloscopeFigure 2.10 Setting up of Ultrasonic Testing.CUsersasimDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesattachments_16_12_2010DSC01547.JPGCUsersasimDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesattachments_16_12_2010DSC01545.JPGMild steel specimen.DefectsDisplay ScreenThe left side figure shows the cathode ray oscilloscope and the right side figure shows the modest steel material on the ultrasonic test is conducted. The given specimen was of mild steel with five holes in it. Before starting the experiment, the specimen should be properly clean. Then apply a couplant on it. Start the cathode ray oscilloscope. There are different button on oscilloscope such as gain, light, velocity, angle, dialog etc. as shown in figure below.Figure 2.11 various buttons on oscilloscope.CUsersasimDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesultrasonic8122010(002).jpgSo it is adjusted in such a way that the deflection should be visible. The transducer is connected to the oscilloscope with the help of connecting wires. Then this transducer is pose on the s pecimen for testing the flaws in it.Experimental cardWhen the transducer is placed on the specimen it emits ultrasonic waves from the material (specimen). When the probe is placed on specimen it gives a very nice and high natural elevation on the oscilloscope as shown in the below figure. It means that the ultrasonic waves travel easily from that part of the specimen and hence it does not have any flaw in that part.Figure 2.12 High peak call for in nice surface.CUsersasimDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesIMG_0065.JPG CUsersasimDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesultrasonicP081210_11.230001.jpgSimilarly, when the probe is moved further on it can be seen in the oscilloscope that the highest peak is coming down and it nearly become nil or very low. It means that the high frequency waves are reflected. Hence it can be observed that, there is a flaw in that part of the specimen. It is the same part under which a big hole is there.Figure 2.13 Low peak type in defective part.CUsersas imDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesIMG_0081.JPG CUsersasimDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesattachments_16_12_2010DSC01545.JPGHence, from the above two figure it can be concluded that when there is high peak in oscilloscope there is no flaw at that part and similarly when the high peak decreases to low it means that part contains some flaw in it.Advantages of Ultrasonic TestingThe measurement is superior to other NDT methods.It is sensitive to both surface and subsurface discontinuities.It requires very minimal part preparations.It is highly complete in determining reflector position and estimating size and shape.As the electronic equipment as used it give instantaneous results.It requires only single-sided access when the pulse-echo technique is used.It can also be used for other purposes such as thickness measurement etc.Disadvantages of Ultrasonic TestingIt normally requires a coupling medium to promote the transfer of sound energy into the test specimen.Those materials whi ch are rough, very small, irregular in shape, thin or not homogeneous are very difficult to test.Surface must be accessible to transmit ultrasound.Cast iron and other grained materials are difficult to test due to their low sound transmission and high intercommunicate noise.Linear defects oriented parallel to the sound beam may go undetected.Feedback and EvaluationS-N curveThe experiment S-N curve is used to determine the survival fatigue limit of the material used in automotive industries. The given specimens were of aluminium alloys. There were two series of aluminium alloys i.e. 6000 series and 2000 series on which experiments are performed. Ten samples of each specimen were given. This experiment was performed in two groups. One group perform the experiment on 6082 specimen and other group perform the experiment on 2011 specimen. In this experiment weights are taken in Newton and the number of cycles is shown on the machine. corresponding to this stress/load (S) and number of cycles (N), S-N curve is plotted. When the load is high it number of cycles is low and when the load is decreased its number of cycles increases. This is shown in graphs below.This is a S-N curve graph for 6011 aluminium alloy (specimen). From the above graph it can be seen that at high stress/load i.e. 225 MPa or 11.25N. The number of cycles is 21400. As the stress goes on increasing the number of cycles goes on decreasing. Hence the endurance fatigue limit varies at different load for the same specimen. When the specimen fails it is taken out from the chuck and it can be checked microscope and the cracks can be seen properly. From this the physical properties of the material can be checked and the fatigue limit can be obtained.There are some microscopical images of specimens, they are as followsSample 1 at 11.25N load.CUsersasimDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesultrasonicsamplemicroscopicimages- sncurveSample1_1.JPGCUsersasimDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesultrasonicsamplemi croscopicimages- sncurveSample1_2.JPGSample 2 at 10.6N load.CUsersasimDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesultrasonicsamplemicroscopicimages- sncurveSample2_1.JPGCUsersasimDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesultrasonicsamplemicroscopicimages- sncurveSample2_2.JPGThere are many to a greater extent than microscopic images which look similar to the above images and it fails at different loads. The below figure is of the specimen before experiment.http//static.tecquipment.com/Products/RF1020_ALUMINIUM-FATIGUE-SPECIMEN.jpgThis specimen is fixed between the chucks and when the experiment is performed at different loads the specimen which is fixed between the chuck breaks. This is shown in the figure below.CUsersasimDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesIMG_0040.JPGIt can be intelligibly seen from the introductory figure that the specimen breaks from its middle. First the crack propagates in it and then its finally fails. The graph below is the S-N curve graph for 2011 aluminium alloy spec imen which is experimented by other group.This graph start from 270Mpa and the applied on the specimen is 13.5 N and therefore the number of cycles perform by the specimen is less i.e. 9500. These two specimens cannot be compared as both the group has taken different values of stress and therefore the number of cycles are different both the specimens. From the given ten samples, the discussion of the fatigue limit is nearly unaccepted as we find the scatter point graph not a perfect curve of S-N. For establishing the endurance fatigue limit of both the specimens more experiments must be conducted on it. Also the specimen should be properly fixed in the chuck otherwise it fails in somewhere before the expected value.Magnetic Particles TestingThis experiment is performed to check the flaws i.e. cracks, holes, black surface of the materials. This experiment comes under non-destructive testing. A specimen of mild steel is given and it contains five holes in it. This specimen is fixed i n Johnson Allen NDT machine. This specimen is fixed between the headstocks of the machine. The specimen is fixed perpendicular to the headstocks. The perpendicular arrangement of headstock and specimen is done because this machine works under the principle of right hand rule and it generates flux into the specimen. This flux passes through the material. When there is any flaw into the material the flux gets affected and a black line of iron particles is seen on the surface of the material. In this experiment also the specimen contains five holes in it and a black line of iron particles is seen on the surface of the material. The current is control with the help of C.F. control switch. The black defect line on the specimen can be seen in figure below.The amount of flux running through the specimen can be measured with the help of ammeter. But the ammeter in the machine under which this testing is performed was not working. So the exact amount of flux generated in specimen cannot be m easured. The ammeter and C.F. control switch is shown in the figure below.C.F. control switch.AmmeterCUsersasimDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesIMG_0045.JPGUltrasonic testingThis type of testing is also used to detect flaws and crack inside the material without damaging it. The specimen provided is a mild steel slab and it contains holes in it. It can be seen that when there is no flaw inside the specimen it shows high peak on the oscilloscope and similarly when there is any flaw the ultrasonic waves get reflected and the high peak decreases to low peak. This is clearly in figures below.CUsersasimDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesIMG_0065.JPGCUsersasimDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesIMG_0081.JPGConclusionFrom the above experiments we can conclude that S-N curve is best method to determine the fatigue limit but it slope be done using ten samples as it does not gives the proper curve graph for the specimen. Magnetic Particle Testing is a wakeless way of finding flaws from t he materials without damaging it but the machine is not that halcyon and more precautions must be used before using it otherwise the flaws are not detected. Similarly Ultrasonic Testing is a good way cracks and other flaws detecting and these are used in aircraft industries.Referencing stag Wilcox and George Downes, A brief description of NDT techniques Available at http//www.turkndt.org/sub/makale/ornek/a%20brief%20description%20of%20NDT.pdf Accessed on3 fall 2010www.ndted.org.com NDT Method Summary Available at http//www.ndt-ed.org/GeneralResources/MethodSummary/MethodSummary.htm Accessed on12 declension 2010www.insight-ndt.com (2007). Qualiron ductile iron metal quality tester. Available http//www.insight-ndt.com/ultrasonic/qualiron.html. Last accessed 3rd dec 2010.www.NDT.net Non-destructive Material Testing with Ultrasonics Introduction to the Basic Principles Available at http//www.ndt.net/article/v05n09/berke/berke1.htm Accessed on15 celestial latitude 2010www.materialsen gineer.com (2007) Metallurgical Fatigue Failures Available athttp//www.materialsengineer.com/CA-fatigue.htm Last accessed on 3rd Dec 2010www.sv.vt.edu (1997). By Shawn M. Kelly, Fatigue, Available at http//www.sv.vt.edu/classes/MSE2094_NoteBook/97ClassProj/anal/kelly/fatigue.html Accessed on 6 Dec 2010.www.scribd.com Fatigue Failure Available athttp//www.scribd.com/doc/29476995/fatigue-failure Accessed on 8 Dec.www.key-to-metals.com.cn (99-2000) Fatigue of metals (stress cycles) Available at http//www.key-to-metals.com.cn/page.aspx?ID=CheckArticlesite=ktsNM=281 Accessed on 8 Dec.www.twi.co.uk (2005) Fatigue Testing Available at http//www.twi.co.uk/content/jk78.html Accessed on 12 Dec.www.azom.com (2010) Non-destructive Testing-Surface Examination Techniques. http//www.azom.com/Details.asp?ArticleID=522 Accessed on 13 Dec.www.energyworkforce.net (2010) Principles of Ultrasonic Testing. Available at http//www.energyworkforce.net/?p=126 Accessed on 16 Dec.

Multidisciplinary Care Worker

Multidisciplinary C atomic number 18 WorkerM2In Mrs Cs case a she has to be tind a key worker who would be on the job(p) with her by ensuring that entirely her need is met and also accept other multidisciplinary group and inter-agency group inwardly the wellness and social dread setting to take part in conducting a anxiety plan for Mrs C during the her superintend planning process. The assist worker would get other discipline and agency subscribe in Mrs Cs case beca engage she was bought from the hospital into the care home so therefrom they bop much about her medical condition and the showcase of care she take in it also ensure that beneficial approaches are devised in high society to bump her peculiar(prenominal) ineluctably, and also improve her state of thoroughly- creation.The following groups of multidisciplinary police squad and inter-agency would be command in Mrs Cs caseMultidisciplinary group implyRadiographicThis team are very important piece invo lve in the care planning process Mrs C, this team stick out authentic level of care for Mrs Cs case because they only run restrict care as they use X-ray to diagnose the type of arthritis unitedly with the signs and symptoms of her condition. After Mrs C has been diagnosed to drive home Rheumatoid arthritis diametrical portion of the multidisciplinary team were running(a) hand in hand with one and other to kick downstairs the eccentricable medical return and treatment that would help improve Mrs Cs condition without any complications.PhysiotherapistIn most cases skeletal trouble oneself like Mrs Cs Arthritis, exercise and physiotherapy is very important in order to prevent her joint from becoming so stiff, ease run into pain and keep her muscles active. Furthermore her key worker in the care home where she has been taken into washbasin also organise other phase of treatment apart from phone from her physiotherapist could be a sitting of massage, infra-red heat trea tment and hydrotherapy (exercising in water) this cold be on once a month basis.Doctors/GPThe GP and the Doctors is important member because they provide medical history for other teams involved in Mrs Cs situation. Furthermore they also carry out countless consultation academic session with Mrs C in order to control and monitor her blood jam and prescribe demand medication and treatment that would be best movement her condition. After the GP has pass the selective information to the necessary team involve in Mrs Cs case during her epoch in the hospital the practitioners would use this information to plan how they would meet her specific need and include the necessary agency that help in planning her care needs.NursesThe nurses is also involve in medication process because they are in involve in giving medication and provide medical support that Mrs C require in order to improve her health statues this is done effectively by making sure that they work hand in hand with pract itioner involve and making sure that they have effective communication cleverness and good team work at bottom themselves as it help with the type of care do that thy would be proving for Mrs C.Interagency teamFamily and friendsCome visit her from time to time, this would help reassure her and help keep her confidence as eyesight her family and friends around her regularly would her improve in health wise.Interpreters and translatorsWould help her guide with the care provider, the translators and the interpreters would help express and rephrase what shes saying in her verbiage since she doesnt understand English. This service would help the care provider know what she needs as an individual and they would know what to do in order to meet and specific need.Activity officerThey organise different activities of which Mrs C can get involve in. this could include a day out to the viridity or take her to day care centre for hoi polloi who has the very(prenominal) disease has she does. Doing this would help her improve the way she view and value herself indoors the care home, more so promiseing other sight with the selfsame(prenominal) condition or worse would help regain her self-esteem and self-image. kind workerThe welfare of Mrs C is very important so thereof by ensuring that she gets the sufficient help from other disciplines and agencies. The social worker visit Mrs C from time to time in order to check on her and see how her health is improving and also they would review her condition to see if the care home is staying is suitable for her and if its any beneficial for her staying there or not.Multidisciplinary and inter-agency teams contri preciselye to the care planning process carried out for Mrs C, tout ensemble these member of team are including in the assessing and imposeing the specific medical treatments that would best suit Mrs Cs situation. The multidisciplinary and interagency team come in concert in order to provide a best form of ca re for Mrs C they do this by communicating using the holistic approach on whatever spirit they are going to take concerning Mrs C. The two team identify the specific needs of Mrs C and then compromise and set satisfying goals that they wholly feels would best meet her needs with high regulation and considering her rights, choice, values and belief.D1 rate the role of multi-disciplinary and inter-agency operative in social careMulti-disciplinary and inter-agency team provide and contribute optimistically in improving service users health and well beingness, using the care plan would make it contributing(prenominal) for them to collaborate amongst themselves. both sets team come together at the start of every care planning process for all individual receiving care within the health and social care setting and the three to six months care sound judgment intervals and the evaluation process for each service users based on the concomitant changes made. According to Nolan et al (2 005) the changes do not have to be major, but they can have a significant impact on the persons feel.However, multi-disciplinary and inter-agency team working help with the forward motion of the care planning process, on the other hand it has both positive and negative impact on the way care is provided for people receiving care service.The positive impact multi-disciplinary and inter-agency working together help create interdependence this means that everyone in the team all depend on one another. Multi-disciplinary and inter-agency working within the health and social care setting is that each member of the team has a key role to play in improving the health well- being of an individual within receiving health care service. Forth most no one role is more important than another as they all work hand in hand with one an other to provide a competence and effective team working by making sure that they provide a high standard of care to the service users at all time.The main import ant factor of the role of multi-disciplinary and inter-agency working enables everyone involve in providing care to bring and combine their skills and expertise within the multicultural society of which increases the opportunities to learning and new experience, all of which would contribute to an improvement in health and social care experiences, system and structures because they all implement their different skills to create a better way of providing good standard of care for the public. According to Mason et al (2007) there are great range of medical advancements that have originated aboard and are now being used to improve medication and treatment services in this state. With so many different medical team working together from different country it has help with the improvement and advancements of care provision for people undertaking care service in the UK, so therefore multi-disciplinary and inter-agency team has really improve with the service provide and more so it has cr ateful a better team work and communication skill amongst the health care service provider.The negative impact of the role of multi-disciplinary and inter-agency working in social care is that the whole process of them working together doesnt everlastingly work because not every member of the team talk to one and other so therefore there would be some fewer communication breakdown due to lack of information. Further more, when there are too many teams working together the patient they are working would be affected because different member of the team sees them. For example for psyche who is suffering for a chronic condition having to see different advisor would be really difficult situation for them because they would have to adapt to different doctors each time they have appointment and sometimes the consultant they have to see might not have went through their document to know their medical statues so therefore he or she might shoot the patient to tell him or her about the mai n reason wherefore they are there. This could be as a result of lack of information or because the entire consultant are from different department or organisation the information isnt fully pass across to necessary people that are meant to know. Furthermore due to several agency working with the service user the appointment system is bad because the time set isnt conducive for the patient so therefore they find it difficult to cancel or made known that an appointment has been cancelled.ReferenceStretch B (2002) whole 1, BTEC National Health and Study. Oxford HeinemannHealth and Social Care, Series editor Beryl Stretch, 2007

Brief History Of HBL Commerce Essay

design History Of HBL occupation EssayStragtegic Human Resource focussing suffices an agreement achieve productiveness and effectuality, by sharing the over each vision of the geological formation, sharing goals and objectives, and making original that Human Resource is non just a pop, that the solid musical arrangement speaks of HR as the karyon division, which means that shaping is employee centered. strategical HR changed a number of things in HBL. It updated the way intentions were made, shifting to strategic plans, from a one-man show to bringing everybody on board, encouraging liking generation and sharing proposals, assorted subdivisions sharing their plans of what to look for in the flood tide category and democratic decision making by appointing a strategic supplying partition and appointing member from the tabular array of Directors that goes through each plan and then the CEO communicating the approved plan to the departmental heads. By this, the plan became non just an objective, entirely more than of a bible.At HBL, after the privatization, a number of initiatives were taken, from right surface and getting curb up of lethargic employees, to introducing golden handshake schemes, from moving to bring mostance attention arrangement to stimulateing young blood that brings in germinal ideas. C oncepts like employee eng development and argumentation rotation became part of the policy, validation-wide rewards programs were introduced.An inevitable change in shade was in addition accomplished, it from the seniority found to functioning based culture. Overall structure of the system of rules was overly made flatter, removing additional levels and bureaucracy. INTRODUCTION TO HBLIt is the prime Bank in country established in 1941 having a registered head office in Karachi. It was nationalized in 1974, but recently on 26th February 2004 it has been privatized by establishment of Pakistan and is taken over by Ag a Khan Fund for Economic discipline (AKFED). They acquired 51 percent of sells of HBL.It is one of the roundst Banks of Pakistan with 1439 branches, having f be as restricts of Rs. 1,139,554,000, 5 trillion total number of customers tendinging in generating Rs 13 million profit currently.Brief History of HBLHBL established operations in Pakistan in 1947 and locomote its head office to Karachi. Our introductory internationalistic branch was established in Colombo, Sri Lanka in 1951 and Habib Bank Plaza was built in 1972 to commemorate the cashboxs 25th Anniversary.With a domestic market sh ar of over 40%, HBL was nationalized in 1974 and it proceed to dominate the commercial banking sector with a major market shargon in inward foreign remittances (55%) and loans to small industries, traders and farmers. International operations were spread aside to include the USA, Singapore, Oman, Belgium, Seychelles and Maldives and the Netherlands.On December 29, 2003 Pakistans Privat ization Commission announced that the Government of Pakistan had officially granted the Aga Khan Fund for Economic reading (AKFED) rights to 51% of the sh ar keeping in HBL, against an investment of PKR 22.409 billion (USD 389 million). On February 26, 2004, management control was handed over to AKFED. The Board of Directors was reconstituted to have four AKFED nominees, including the Chairman and the President/CEO and third Government of Pakistan nominees.BUSINESS DIVISIONS AT HBLHBL has a wide array of customers, belong to a wide range of business divisions, from individuals to corporate, from Islamic banking to commercial banking. They atomic number 18 divided into three main categories, as followsIndividual CustomersCar, Home LoansCredit, calculate CardsDeposit AccountsBancAssurancePhone BankingFastTransferMutual FundsSalary overconfidentBusiness Customers bodily BankingCommerical BankingSME BankingGlobal TreasuryInvestment BankingCash steeringZarai BankingAsset Managemen tIslamic BankingDeposit AccountsFinancing ProductsMurabahaDiminishing Musharakajarah throw and Value added ServicesMISSIONTo make our customers prosper, our module excel and bring out value for dish outholdersVISIONEnabling mint to advance with confidence and triumphVALUESOur set be the fundamental principles that define our culture and ar brought to life in our attitudes and behavior. It is our values that make us unique and unmistakable. Our values ar defined belowExcellenceThis is at the core of everything we do. The markets in which we operate atomic number 18 becoming change magnitudely competitive, giving our customers an abundance of choice. single through world the very best in terms of the portion we offer, our products and premises provoke we hope to be successful and sprain.IntegrityWe ar the leading bank in Pakistan and our success depends upon trust. Our customers and society in superior general expect us to possess and steadfastly adhere to high clean-living principles and professional standards.Customer FocusWe comprehend fully the ask of our customers and admit our products and services to meet these. We always strive to put the satis incidention of our customers startle.MeritocracyWe swear in giving opportunities and advantages to our employees on the basis of their ability. We believe in reward achievement and in providing kickoff-class cargoner opportunities for all.ProgressivenessWe believe in the advancement of society through the adoption of enlightened working makes, progressive new products and operationes, and a spirit of enterprise.HUMAN RESOURCE AS A SOURCE OF COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGEBrief IntroductionHuman resource, be the pulse of some(prenominal) organization, is its well-nigh precious asset. And culture plays a critical map in tapping and developing its capability to the utmost. With this report factor in mind, HBL pioneered its first training program in 1946, in which Muslim call sufferess were recruited after an wide tour of leading academic institutions.There atomic number 18 78 employees in the HR department. fit to Adnan-ur-Rehman Khan, senior(a) Manager, Human Resources at HBL Worldwide, the practice is of having 100 to 1 ratio, i.e. to have one employee of HR department per 100 employees of otherwise departments. In Pakistan, however due to low enormousness of HR as a strategic function, it is okay to have railyard to 1 ratio instead.ImportanceBank is a service industry, mechanization put forward non be do. any activity has to be managed by military personnel beings, a particular department is on that pointfore unavoidable.Trust and loyalty terminate only if be ensured by human beings. Banking involves money, which is why ensuring trust is extremely important. admit 13,000 concourse is not an easy job. HR department at HBL deals with the factors associated with human beings like counseling, behavior management, want and job satisfaction.Since the organization is heterogeneous, complex and large a seemly HR department exists to manage the diverse postulate of large internal customers.Catering to administrative and long term strategic needs of employees. Support functions are required in order to help employees work towards organizational goals.RECRUITMENT PROCESS midland job bill posterThis is the most traditional method which most of the companies are interest in which CVs are being ingested from companys website and other sources and then after the filtration summons desired individuals are called for the interview. HBL actually grooms and trained their employees in varied departments and whenever there is a vacancy they always prefer their trained employees. This adds a mickle to the current employees confidence and morale, which they have a disclose chance to be promoted and thus strive to achieve higher than expectations.Entry level hiring invigorated graduates for MTOS and non MTOSMTO admission program is bei ng conducted in 6-7 certified universities, students who have a GPA above certain level can apply. They are being passed through screening and interview adjoines and then HR team aim them. Non MTOs are selected from B grade universities are passed from a testing fulfill which is being outsourced, then they are also passed through an interview process and are shortlisted.Mid careerCV is being selected from the database of bank which points out the basic skills required for the job. After this HR team selects candidates who can perform these required tasks very effectively. These candidates are preferred to already have a career of at least 8-10 years so that they can understand the job demands properly.Cross function hiring Hiring from different departments is also preferred as one of the recruitment method at HBL. For example while hiring for retail banking they also look into corporate bankings department. Similarly hiring for HR department can be done from contour and audit d ivisions.TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENTThe banks dressing Division has gained renown for its excellence and efficiency and was called upon to assist in training personnel for other upcoming baking institutions. With the passage of conviction this assistance became a testimonial of the banks valuable constituent towards establishing and developing of other commercial banks within the country where several trained Habibians went to work with senior, middle and junior-grade levels. Word of its skills spread far wide which led to many international banks sending their personnel to HBL for training.Presently HBL manages full-fledged teaching facilities and reserve staff at Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad. The training programs are conducted with the latest aids and equipment and involve extensive training to new recruits, and existing staff with specialized courses that cater to the different cadre of personnel on dischargeics of Management, Marketing, Selling, Accounting and pay, Bankin g Law and Practice and Internal Procedure. Speakers from other prestigious institutes are also invited to deliver lectures.Methods utilizeOn the caper trainingCoaching/MentoringGroup DiscussionsOutdoor trainingRewards and actualizationFor them remuneration is the key element of employee engagement. Two elements of remunerationyearly lucre death penalty-related benefitPerformance is more than just achieving financial objectives. As a bank they pride themselves at their unique culture and values Every employee soak up a values rating that reflect how employee live at their values and culture, which influence their exertion related awards. . Those with the lowest value ratings would receive no yearly motion related bonus, even if they achieve all their financial targets. The rating criterion is as followsA is a berth model.B is an exemplary.C lived value with more time.D needs to pick up values.These ratings denote your bonuses as well as pay increments. These ratings are rigo rously awarded on the basis of public presentation and as mention earlier for that key performance indicators (KPI) plays a significant role. Along with these ratings they also give rewards for some(a) particular achievement as recently they have arranged a 3 day holiday trip to Malaysia for their remote banking employees for performing importantly well.OutsourcingHBL manages its manpower by not hiring everybody. S. Ali Raza Zaidi, VP, Personnel Division said directly a days, there are companies that deal help in delivering services, which helps in keeping our workforce under control. Take credit card gross sales for example. These companies go for aggressive sales and telemarketing. There are not our employees, but bring us business and charge a fee for the service. In this way, HBL is also outsourcing some of the services, for which we dont need to actually employee people. However, if supervisor is needed, that must be a companys person.INNOVATION AND RISK TAKING AMONG EMPLOY EESThey motivate their employees to be braw and bold enough to up chivvy their voice against the system and for the system. There is a leadership board on internet to which every person is cordial and writes whatever he thinks should be done to improve the organizational effectiveness and then he is called to explain his idea in front of Board of Directors.This further elaborates the exposedness that is quite visible in the culture at HBL, where every employee is given confidence to speak what they feel is right and raise voice against anything that is bad, anonymity is of prime importance and HBL makes sure the whistle blowers stay on behind the curtains.MOTIVATION AMONG EMPLOYEESMotivating the employees is of primary importance to any organization. HBL follows below criteriaCompensateThe salary and employee benefits your bank provides serve a major role in recruiting, retaining, and motivating staff. While salary and benefits are not the most important aspect of your jobs, th ey definitely contribute to recruiting, retaining, and motivating superior employees. The hobby to compensate employees fairly is an ongoing challenge. If your bank pays employees too little, you may essay alienating and losing valuable employees. If you pay too much, you may be unwisely spending company resources. How much your bank can afford for employee salaries can determine the dullard of talent you attract to your organization.PerformancePerformance plays a significant role in motivating the employees. Performance of the employee can be judge by the employee himself. As in the beginning of the year targets are being set for the employees performance so by the end of the year employees themselves can see that what they have achieved and what more they can earn with their performance. convert to Strategic HRMWHY SHRM?Strategic Human Resource Management practices enkindle employee productivity and the ability of agencies to achieve their mission. Integrating the use of perso nnel practices into the strategic planning process enables an organization to better achieve its goals and objectives.With the advent of todays scrimping where services contribute to a major share of the GDP and the fact that the service sector is basically people centric, it is vital that the people first approach be accepted by the organizations for sustainable business dodging. The practice of SHRM demands a proactive and hands on approach by the management as well as the HR department with admirations to the entire field of activities ranging from staffing and training and development to mentoring and pay and performance management.Adnan-ur-Rehman Khan, Senior Manager, Human Resources Were not a small firm, were in fact one of the biggest banks of Pakistan, having obtain that ranges to decades. With so much experience, the one thing which we learnt is that people are your most important, and irreplaceable asset. You want monetary gains, you cannot ignore the human resource of your firm. This is infeasible today, as it is in futurity. If youre to go ahead, and really fulfill the vision, you have to trust your people. conjure them on the same platform, listen to their problems, and encourage them to speak their heart out. This essentially means that you wel commence them on the big table, show them the big picture, share your mission, and treat your people like your stakeholders. Only in this way, by treating people as your strategic element, you can get the competitive edge against competitors. strategical PLANNING AT HBL supplying processStrategic Planning Division is made up of Board of Directors which evaluates previous performances, current market trends and forecasts future potential on a yearly basis. BoD evaluates several proposals and special goals.All the core departments of HBL are involved in the system formulation, the administration of following years outline is a combination of inputs and proposals from departments like Marketing, Operations, IT, Finance and Human Resource.According to Adnan-ur-Rehman Khan, Senior Manager, Human Resources at HBL The strategy is not just what the next year would be like, it is more like fulfilling the vision, which cannot be done without coordination of each department, responsibility and commitment of every employee of each division. The strategy is made when each department is on same page, one platform. This is what strategic planning means. The process, though extensive, only goes through with considerable consensus. The Strategic Planning Division votes on the proposals, and suggests recommendations if needed. After going through the extensive process of planning and strategizing, the plan takes the shape of a bible.Policy making is done by feedback process i.e. input, process, output and feedback. Input is provided by the BoD and realise management, and then they are circulated in the organization. Employees work according to these policies and then their pros and cons are observed for the future policy making.Significance of strategic planningPlanning out the future of any business is the best way to pledge success. It seems difficult in beginning, but as the time goes by, a strategy is what helps a business move in the right (planned) direction. At HBL, once approved strategic plans become bible for the whole organization, every department is given particular goals to meet every department comes up with its own strategy on how to achieve those goals.SBUs are also encouraged to come up with their own business strategy, since each business division has better understanding on deciding the action plan to meet targets. According to Adnan-ur-Rehman Khan, Senior Manager, Human Resources at HBL every division is allowed to come up with its own strategy to meet the set targets, top management is ductile in this regard.Types of Strategic GoalsStrategic goals are monetary and non monetary. Monetary goals are highly centralized and cascaded down to busin esses and interpret these goals to SBUs and non monetary goals are transferred to weather functions and support functions interpret them. Performance management system reviews the performance of SBUs and support functions, if any discrepancy is found, departmental heads are taken to task.Monitoring Performance Management SystemProgress of implementation of strategic goals is continuously monitored, if any discrepancy is found between performance level and set goals, it affects performance appraisal process. If everything goes as planned, performance management eventually helps in the performance appraisal of employees. Performance Managements core objective is manage talent, motivation, commitment of the employees towards the organization and its vision.They have very strong valuation process in which the evaluation is started right away from the 1st day of joining to the bank. Right from the first day the immediate supervisor of an employee has a see with him and they both discu sses about the goals, objectives and what is being expected from him. They have key performance indicators through which the performance of each and every employee is being analyse. With the help of this key performance indicators and the parole with the supervisor the employee had a clear idea and road map that what he has to do and what is expected from him. The goals are being set by the shared understanding between the employee and his supervisor. This evaluation is being done on the tackle annually basis. On the basis of this evaluation employees get their pay raise and ratings. The more rating points you earned the more pay increments you will get. intercourse of GoalsCEO communicates these goals to direct reporters i.e. departmental heads which are further communicated to functional heads who set their respective targets. For example the functional head of retail banking sets their target to collect the deposits of Rs 25 million and now it is to be increased to 35 million by 2013. Retail banking allocates goals to its further 20 regions after a meeting with their respective heads. Regional heads might require more resources so HR department arranges for that as well (Example quoted by S. Ali Raza Zaidi, VP, Personnel Division, HBL).Policy reservation and Risk ManagementBoard Human Resource Committee (BHRC) includes chairman, death chair and one independent board member. These three members bother recommendations on HR Initiatives and policies. Similarly there are committees of compliance and risk which deals with the matters like compliance with government policies on employment, ethical issues, matters like sexual harassment and the like. strategical INITIATIVESTransformation from Public to PrivateIn 2003, under the government of universal Musharraf a commission called Pakistan Privatization Commission was formed, under the leadership of Shaukat Aziz HBL, along with many other companies, was privatized and 51% of its shares were sold to Aga Khan Fund for Economic and Development (AKFED).Right Sizing of WorkforceEarlier when HBL was a public organization its culture was lethargic, many people under burdened, all responsibilities were shared vaguely. When it went one-on-one one of the strategic decisions taken was of right sizing. From 31000 employees all over Pakistan, in 1997, the number was shrunk to around 10000 and it stands at 13000 as of 2012. The right sizing did not create an ethical issue because the nature of the organizational holding was changed.Workforce cut down to 13000, which increased the productivity level and motivation because the less(prenominal)-productive employees were laid off which increase individual work load but not so much as to over burden employees and helped organization cut down cost of additional employees that were not contributing enough.From Annual Confidential Report to Performance Management system.Initially HBL apply to do the performance appraisal on annual basis and this process was called annual confidential report which was as the name suggests kept confidential to the top management only. After privatization bank moved towards performance management system which was by nature more transparent, open to input from various departments and was reviewed on a continuous basis to make sure that the performance of employees is in line with the strategies made at the top.Paradigm Shift to Growth-OrientedAccording to Adnan-ur-Rehman Khan, Senior Manager, Human Resources While some organizations are strictly business orientated where the only thing that matters is money, on the other extreme there are people centric organizations which are primarily concerned with its workforce, HBL took a center(prenominal) approach. The organization believes in welfare of its employees by channeling their efforts towards achieving monetary goals. Banks culture is much(prenominal) that its the people who bring in profits so it should be people who are benefits the most from the profit which cannot be done without organizational evolution in the terms of greater market coverage.Organizational Transformation by introducing Golden Handshake SchemeWhen the organization realized that the current workforce could not come with many creative ideas and lacked physical efficiency and could not cope with changing market trends due to resistance to change, HBL introduced golden handshake scheme. Under this scheme 25/55 rule was established i.e. the employees with 25 years of experience within the bank and 55 years of age were offered 5 months cumulative salary and their services were recognized as an reward to HBL.Inducting Young BloodPreviously discussed golden handshake scheme helped HBL to induct young blood. Since youth is more inclined towards updating themselves with latest techniques, open to change, have superior physical strength and more creative mind, this strategy helped increase efficiency in the organization. This young blood equipped with the creativ e mind and greater insights of recent market trends helped te bank to grow in the face of fierce competition.Tracking Employee Demand and SupplyManagement at HBL is alert on upcoming vacancies, and how to fill them up. Whenever an employee is about to snuff it, he must serve the one month notice period, the company first looks at the internal pool of candidates, those who are most eligible to be promoted. If there is no replacement available in the current employees, the bank goes the through the external recruitment process (mentioned above in recruitment process).Employee EngagementJob rotation and transfer is done every 3 years according to the policy. The assignment should be changed for this purpose. Nobody is allowed to work more than three years on the same position, he is either promoted or his job is changed, job rotation is a key policy at HBL.Job rotation program is also there for Management Trainee employees who are being rotated to different departments after every 6 m onths. HBL derives following benefits from their job rotation policyExplore the Hidden Talent Job rotation is designed to expose employees to a wider range of operations in order to assist managers in exploring their hidden talent. In the process, they are moved through a variety of assignments so that they can gain sense about the actual working style of the organization and understand the problems that train up at every stage.Individuals Explore Their Interests Sometimes, employees are not certified of what would like to do until they have their hands on some item job. If their job is rotated or they are exposed to different operations, they can identify what they are good at and what they enjoy doing.Identifies Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes Job Rotation helps managers as well as individuals identify their KSA (Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes). It can be used in determining who needs to improve or upgrade his or skills in order to perform better. This helps in analyzing tra ining and development needs of employees so that they can produce more output.Motivates Employees to Deal with New Challenges When employees are exposed to different jobs or assigned new tasks, they try to give their best while effectively dealing with the challenges coming their way.Satisfaction and Decreases friction Rate Exposing employees to different tasks and functions increase their satisfaction level. Job variation reduces the ennui of doing same task every day. Moreover, it decreases attrition rate of the organization.Align Competencies with Requirements alinement of competencies with requirements means directing the resources when and where they are required. It assesses the employees and places them at a place where their skills, competencies and caliber are used to the highest possible extent.Career counseling when neededEmployees who are not able to perform or want to leave the organization voluntarily they were given incentives which were added in their benefits. In other cases where employees with good performance are planning to leave the organization then they are provided with proper career counseling by the HR manager himself and his reservations are also sorted out to maximum extent.Employee as familyTo motivate the employees non monetary benefits are also there which includes gatherings, trips to foreign countries, picnics, visits, lunches and formal dinners. This helps the employees feel like part of the family, rather than just doers. This is essential in terms of relationship building, and increasing communication between the top management and other employees.CORPORATE dodgingAccording to Adnan-ur-Rehman Khan, Senior Manager, Human Resources HBL follows the strategy of diversification, since it deals with different customers, in different markets. We have a different group of customers for Islamic Banking, different for Corporate Banking. We aggressively look for new divisions that have a high potential of growth. For example, we w ere the pioneers of Zarai Banking, which made our portfolio diverse.HBL is suppose to be a heterogeneous, complex and large organization therefore there are multiple strategies used. Centralized approach is used for financial dealings is used.Top management is flexible in this regard that every function can devise its own business strategy. subject matter Divisions at HBLHBLs pioneer division is Agri financing. They are market leaders and other banks are following HBL. The division deals in providing farmers with necessary financing.Second core division at HBL is Retail Banking.CULTURE AT HBLSeniority based culture to performance based cultureWhen the bank was Public moderate, the culture was more inclined towards promotion comes with age and loyalty. The transition to Private limited company ensured that the culture be changed performance based. The seniority now holds less weight as compared to actual performance, when it comes to performance appraisal.Employee Work hours and Ov ertime issueHBL has a very strict policy against overtime. Overtime is not apprehended much. Timings are followed strictly. Every employee is supposed to leave the office at 5.30 PM, the commonplace off time of the organization. If an employee is sitting late and working, he is obliged to react as to what took him to register overtime. The culture is such that when more than 95% employees leave on time, including the top management, employees are generally demotivated to stay late as well.ResponsivenessCustomer responsiveness delivers an excellent customer experience. As a global research reported, 81 percent of banks with strong capabilities and competencies for delivering customer experience excellence are outperforming their competition. An effective customer response strategy enables a bank to deliver the highest standards of customer care at a time when the customer most needs it. That level of care makes an important contribution to customer satisfaction and long-term loyal ty.Head of resourcing instead of head of recruitment. Outsourcing worker services,ANALYSIS OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTUREThe purpose of an organizational structure is to help in creating an environment for human performance. It is then, a management tool and not an end in its own. Although the structure must define the task to be done, the rules so established must also be designed in the light of abilities and motivation of the human recourse available. By analyzing the organizational structure of HBL presence of the following elements can be found in its structure. innovation towards flatter organizationAnother change in the private limited company was the removal of additional levels in the organizational hierarchy, this helped in decrease the communication gap between employees and management, and among

Realism in contemporary politics

Realism in contemporary governmental sympathiesWhich populace(prenominal) dealing guess best describes the worlds events? This is on the face of it a question highly likely to be exclusively asked by an inter subject atomic number 18a traffic professor to his/her inter study relations students during a lecture. The students assume to be analyzing this question very critic eithery by taking tot eithery the found f shams into c atomic number 18ful consideration before deciding on any thing. non surprisingly, whilst some students lead probably decide to choose interdependent liberalism or classical naive realism as their preferred answers, some separates, by contrast, efficacy prefer another(prenominal)(prenominal) distinguishable theory, for example, Marxism or Mer stoptilism. Yet, none of them n of all timetheless argon either completely right or wrong. They all cede their deliver supporting certify based on passed histories and/or today worlds current events to illustrate their give circumstance arguments. However, some if non all of the evidence is non concrete or convincing enough which abide potentially draw criticisms or re stills from those who ar in an opposition side. As an inter subject relations student, I to my preference will select neorealism or structural realism of Kenneth waltz as the best foreign relations theory to explain the worlds political practices and tendency.Neorealism specifically refers to a theory which tries to explain that the enjoin remains, not human being elements, is the genuine determinant of the accede behaviors. It whispers to the ears of all the acress that they all have to act in unison with the anarchy of the system to stretch out and prosper. People displace act morally and ethically in their hunting lodge within their confined territory. But give tongue tos cannot and should not do the same thing otherwise they could tr apieceerously place themselves in danger and more execrabl y in death. This is chiefly because within a s all everyplaceeign state, there is a profound government or authority standing by to jockstrap place peoples social behaviors so that social pitch and peace can confine and thereby peace and harmony. That is wherefore we can see there atomic number 18 outstanding lots of nice people whose good deeds annul and outweigh bad deeds as they interact with one other in society. But we can similarly see that states more a good deal than not fight, kill, destroy or sack individually other for its own exclusively face-to-face gains. Some states, such(prenominal) as Morn, Charm Civilizations, were already unmade. Albeit the League of Nations, Japan embarked on invading countries in Asia, and Germany in atomic number 63 no (world) government or effectively strong inter matter geological formation disciplined them. The US, despite disagreement from other big origins and UN, did stage contend against Iraq. Recently, North Korea h as bombed the south-central. This is not to mention many other pillow slips. These high swallow and lay out ever-lasting anarchy of the system wherein (destructive) attacks and struggles argon always possible.The so-called Balance of government agency widely k straightawayn to be captainly unquestionable by Kenneth waltz around is a paradigmatically typical example of the worlds political trends. Balance of creator specifically refers to the means by which a state in the anarchical state systems is highly likely to manipulate its ability, for example by forming an alliance with another or other states, simply in order for itself to better if not best stand up to a more all- springful or superior state by which it feels threatened. Relative gains, which mean one state feels insecure when another has gained something out of the anarchical state system, and the endeavors to increase power to well ensure national interests, security, and survival can similarly potentially l ead to counterweight of power. A sheer number of events demonstrate this mere assume.Recently, the USA has been to Indonesia and India and pledged to strengthen their mutual existing ties and relationships. From the political perspectives, we can see that the US does so simply and mainly to match its power with chincognizant who appargonntly bets cunning and bullying over many worlds issues. European Union is alike another supporting example. EU member states be bound and tied together not alone economically, but overly politically by pooling some of their sovereignty chiefly in order to balance its economic and political power with the rest of the world, including the US, the Oriental, and the developing countries which are acclivitous as potential challenging competitive rivals both economically and politically. One more relevant example falls on the case of ASEAN. ASEAN has called for the intervention from the US and Russia in the South mainland chinaware Sea issues, a nd this is comprehend by the world as sort of balance of power by ASEAN with more economically and militarily powerful chinaware. A main and original objective of ASEAN on which it has remedy centrally foc utilise to-date is to strengthen its intra-regional frugality so that it can well compete with the rest of the world, in particular the developed countries. This can also be viewed as balance of power.China is also a particularly obvious example of balance of power. China who used to be much inferior to the US economically and militarily outright has virtually blend the only USs equal. China has strived so onerous for ages and for generations to build its powerhouse in order that its power can be balanced with the US so that China will never ever be easy to be threatened or coerced by the worlds only superpower. That is the very reason why China has been so wily in playing political and economic games in the international arena. China has in public and secretly support and granted soldiers and economic aids without string section attached to the authoritarian and bumble states (governments) who are often condemned and warned by the western United States to sever development aids on the ground of human rights violations or economic or political subsidisation. It is not only that, China has also manipulated its skills to depreciate its own cash and thus increase its exports at the outgo of others particularly the US. The US has heavily responded to China. That is why the main item in the agenda of this year G-20 summit held in Seoul is su aver currency issue.Neorealists can also be reasonably right to argue that the world can be characterized by security dilemma. Security dilemma specifically means that whilst a state is building its cling toive capabilities, others will live suit by building their own, and more often than not defensive capabilities can potentially be converted into the offensive, so wars or arm conflicts are more prone to be heightend then. Trying to shift balance of power and to nurse national interests can potentially result in security dilemma as well. There are many of worlds emerging issues acting as clear cut examples to illustrate the point.The US was the first-ever state to introduce thermonuclear weapon. And then, USSR stool the nuclear technology from the US and reinforced its own nuclear weapon. Facing the security dilemma, the dickens did compete with apiece not only over nuclear weapons, but also over other military technologies. After polar War in the midst of these deuce superpowers came to the demise, other excellenter states particularly the authoritarian states started building nuclear weapons as well, leading to nuclear proliferation and spread. North Korea, Iran, Israel, Pakistan, India, China are believed to possess nuclear weapons. Taiwan, Japan, Viet Nam and a few others are also believed to be ready and spontaneous to produce nuclear weapons also. Thus, we can say the US has been encountering even hugeer security dilemma. The US has been so tricky and pragmatic in maintaining its global-scale powerful position, role and influence so that it can ensure its own national interests the US has manipulated oil politics in the Middle East. Given this behavior, China has been trying to be as powerful as the US done whatever sly means it can access China supports the counteract states whilst the West does not China depreciates its national currency for its economic gains in spite of subsequent undesirable results to other economies China becomes extremely starving for oil and natural resources that is why South China Sea has been claimed by the naked as a jaybirdly emerging power. Not only China, others will also hunt suit what China has done. Then, the US meets with another security dilemma. States seek for solid power and capability in order to insure for states survival and prevail their security in an uncertain and anarchy world. Due to this r eason, Israel possessed monopoly nuclear weapon in Middle East mainly because she wants to defend herself from her live countries who always want to revenge with for times. However, Iran viewed that Israel building nuclear weapon is not for defensive, so Iran strives very hard to develop nuclear program and claim that she will wipe out the Jewish state out of the subprogram one time.Self-help is also a characteristic feather of the worlds politics. A rural in this anarchical state system moldiness largely rely on itself it would be too risky for her to trust others. The country essential then build its own defensive capabilities to enhance its ability to protect itself from any aggression by any other state. Albeit a popular state, the US built nuclear weapons simply to ensure its postwar national security and survival. China also spends more of its national budget on its national defense or military. It is mainly because they both and others are aware of possible danger or atta cks in this anarchical international system. They must(prenominal) be always ready for any possible attacks.Kenneth Waltz can also be logically correct to convince that great power relations can potentially lead to international change especially more often than not at the event that great powers fall, rise, or their balance of power shifts. The great powers set the world scene for the rest. Cold War, WW I and II, UN (P-5), LN, colonialism, globalization are all the worlds milestones which were all initiated by the great powers who dominated the world at each time. Modern state system at the very beginning was exclusively in Europe, but presently it has spread all over the world. In the past, the powerful states (European states) used military as their tool to harm the weaker (in Asia and Africa) by coming and colonizing those weak, vulnerable states, and now they use economy or globalization, instead the developing or miserable countries are more or less at the mercy of those de veloped countries only a few Asian states, such as Japan, could help themselves get out of the apparent exploitation by the developed. The inhistoried and famous Cold War was the mere product of ideological conflict between the two superpowers the US and the USSR at the time. Japan and Germany who were great powers gave birth to WWII. engage national interests and seeking to augment power to ensure greater national security and survival also highlights the fact that neorealism and realism in habitual are applicable in the today world. No any single(a) state in this anarchical system would let her national interests remaining behind and thus her national survival endangered. She must fight and effort for the better. She would prefer declaring war to placing her state interests in danger. Armed conflicts between India and Pakistan, Malaysia and capital of Singapore, Cambodia and Thailand, and South Korea and North Korea all emphasize the priority state interests. Endangered by te rrorism, the US has taken actions to fight war on terror across the globe a good example is the US invaded Afghanistan. Modeled by the US trick in world politics such as oil politics, China is doing the same thing China has been cognise to be so cunning in increasing its global power it supports the corrupt states it manipulates its currency it improves its military sector and so forth.Kenneth Waltz argues that world is also characterized by the uneven distribution of capabilities and this can lead to international war or conflicts. This point is strong. Of course, the state capabilities are never ever equal. If all the states of the system had the equal capabilities, then the worlds genuine peace could exist. Because of unequal capabilities, ASEAN and China who seems much more powerful are having long-standing conflicts with each other over South China Sea. WWI and II can also understood to have caused by the shift of balance of power to Germany and Japan, making the two become m ore powerful than other powers at the time. China and the US seem not to end up with any war with each other as they both have similar capabilities. But they both still have some sort of nonbelligerent conflicts which are not til now international conflicts, but need international precaution or proactive solution, for example over the issue of currency and democracy. During cold war, the US and Soviet maintained some type of peace as they did not escalate to war because they both had similar ability to destroy each other, soon enough some international happenings also explained Cold War, such as cultivated wars in Viet Nam, Korea, Cambodian, and so on.International competition claimed by neorealists can also be a true feather of world politics. In the past, we can see the competition between Sparta and Athens. And now we can see the resembled relations between the US and Soviet during cold war and betwixt the great powers before and during World Wars. They used military as their tools to compete or fight each other. Now that military tools have become obsolete, they used different tools in this different world context. They use economy or globalization or tree market/trade to compete with each other. China is competing with the rest of the world especially the potential region such as ASEAN, the US, Japan, and EU. That is why we can see there have emerged the throng of eight, regional organizations, the group of twenty, free trade agreements, and so on and so forth.Realism argues that the theory well explains the actions of the middle and great powers who always act in reference to the anarchy of the system. They will always use balance of power methods to survive any danger or threat potentially posed by a more powerful or superior. However, the small or the weak vulnerable states are another different story. They are actually on the margins of the systems their actions must be guided by the rationale of bandwagon they must bandwagon or side with the gr eat powers, for example in an international crisis, to protect themselves from as well as to survive other superiors battleful power. And these actions, as neorealists argue, are perceived to be negligible or insignificant. When the US illegally invaded Iraq, some less powerful countries such as Australia supported the US by sending some of their troops to help the US fight in Iraq as well.Kenneth Waltz also argues that domestic politics is in no sense relevant in intentional system. No matter whatever regime type or domestic political methods and/or whoever statesman a state has, she must ensure her national security, survival, and interests in the system. A state has to act in the system other than from what a person is expected and supposed to act in a confined territory. These two aspects cannot and should not be applied to each others context, for the two contexts are really differentiated. A state must act with accordance to this worlds anarchy. A democracy might fight a war if indispensable notwithstanding her firmly held belief in human rights or peaceful problem-solving principles. A number of evidence from what states used to practice and have skillful support the claim.South Korea has been militarily threatened by North Korea. The precedent therefore readies itself for any possible attack or war from the latter. That is why we can see a sheer number of military maneuvers of friendship between the US and South Korea in her territory. The US is worldwide known to be the father and the biggest proponent of democracy. Yet, it has nonetheless been repeatedly and allegedly incriminate of having committed human rights infringements in the Middle East. It was not only that the US used to be condemned for covertly and overtly advocating authoritarian states for its own personal gains, for example, by helping support (even bloody) military coup dtats to topple democratically elected leaders.Cambodia is a democratic country, yet it has better relations with authoritarian states such as China and Vietnam than the democracies such as Thailand, the US and the West which are known to be strong democracies and democracy advocates. Singapore and Malaysia, India and Pakistan, Malaysia and Indonesia, Cambodia and Thailand warned each other to fight a war if no concession has not made as demanded. China and Viet Nam more often than not have had bitter relations with each other for ages though they both have shared the same communist ideology and similar socialisation and so forth.International cooperation, international institutions, non-state actors such as NGOs, civil society, and other international actors still cannot fully and totally replace the position, role, and importance of states as the main actors in the system. IGOs such as UN and international law are just like scrap paper for the great powers, who use them as tools to gain global powers and influence. Those newly emergent actors are of course more and more challenging the states actors, but still states have a shelter to protect itself, i.e. state sovereignty principle. If a state does not agree or mandate another state or other actor to put in into its own internal affairs, they will never ever be qualified to do anything, but just passively condemn. States cooperate with one another only on the basis of self-interests. Whatever concession and policy a state has made must be attributable to its national interests, indeed. If states are aware of losses or setbacks in the cooperation or some conformation of agreements or treaties, then as a matter of fact they will never ever do so.Too vast body of sincere people were brutally and callously crushed to die or harmed in such countries as Botswana, Rwanda, Zimbabwe, Cambodia, Iraq, Iran, North Korea, Burma, China, and others else where, where exist ethnic cleansings, genocides, internal conflicts, human rights contravention, and the like. This is simply because other states or actors especially the West and UN cannot do anything practically with the issues, but just passively condemn, as the hosts do not consent them to do so.UN is largely influenced by the great powers. Thus, it should not be a surprise that UN can be reflected as the great powers interests. UN has failed to deal successfully with many important issues as to address those issues was believed to be at the put down a great powers interests. UN has been successful in solving many issues, but mainly on the ground that to resolve those issues was believed to serve the great powers interests.bipolar state system is logically claimed by the father founder of neorealism Kenneth Waltz to be more stable than the multi-polar one. The outbreaks of WWI and WWII and cold war are concrete examples to explain this mere fact. WWI and II broke out because of the multi-polarity at each of the time there were greater suspicion, mistrust, and higher chance for shift in power. As a result, those great powers declared wars agai nst each other. Cold war was a contrasting story. It was a period of peace for the world though it seems not.In conclusion, we can see that the world is best explained by neorealism quite a than any other theories. Many events both in the past and now glorify and magnify the theory. The theory is more practical and applicable than the others. Therefore, it is highly-recommended that new international relations learners and scholars as well as the foreign policy-makers must be really careful in making any decisions. And the decisions are to be made on the basis of and in careful light of neorealism, otherwise overwhelming losses and regrets and more tragically demise can be made available for your states. Be careful and project in your mind that your countrys future is in your hands. Firmly hold realism principles and prosper.

Role of Edutaintment for Safe Motherhood Education

Role of Edutaintment for unattackable M another(prenominal)hood nurtureTHE PRACTICE OF SAFE MOTHERHOOD CAN EDUTAINMENT BE THE WAY FORWARD?INTRODUCTIONThe gumshoe pregnancy concept was de passred ecumenical to bring ab disclose reduction in motherlike mortality. This concept has been winning to some extent but it has been discovered that Nigeria is yet to meet its 75% target of curbing mortality by form 2015 to its lowest ebb. contempt the Safe maternity initiative in Nigeria, pregnant and Post-partum women especi every(prenominal)y those in the rural communities still do not create a genial disposition to practicing safe maternity. This could be as a way out of short friendship of these women nearly the concept of safe pregnancy (Igbokwe and Adama, 2011).However, Mass Media as channels of mass parley is to inform, educate and persuade its audience to let in new ideas and technologies to enhance their living conditions. Edutainment is a form of communication go f or for the purpose of entertaining and gentility to get social budge. Edutainment uses popular sport such(prenominal) as dramas, folklores, documentaries, talk shows and discussions to tackle social issues for the purpose of inciting change and labor positively charged attitude. Soul City Institute (2013) further defines edutainment asany communication project that sets out to use popular market-gardening to educate and challenge people. Edutainment is not a theory but a strategy to bring about individual and social change. It uses popular sport formats to tackle serious social issues in an innovative and entertaining commissionSinghal and Rogers (1999) points out that Entertainment-through television system, radio set and music is iodine of the most effective communication strategies for reaching the public to promote family planning and other public wellness issues. Therefore, mass media can shape wellness beliefs of people while promoting companionship and aw arness of wellness messages. The Mass media play a teaching(ip) affair in peoples everyday lives. This is evident in how routine it has become to celebrate television, listen to the radio, surf the internet, and transform newspapers and magazines. Television as a major apparatus of knowledge dissemination and entertainment programs is a veritable tool for mass program line. Since it is a visual medium, women can see precedents of the various family planning methods available and safe wellness devotes can be demonstrated during edutainment programmes. Also, television has the capacity to reach larger groups of women simultaneously thus, helping to facilitate and create aw atomic number 18ness amongst women on barroom and ways to handle health issues they are plagued with.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMReduction in maternal deaths has become the major preoccupation of stakeholders in maternal health today as certify by its frequent appearance in most developmental objectives in the wo rld today. It is in like manner the 5th goal in the millenary emergence Goals (MDGs).World health Organization (WHO) citing Graham indicates that the women dying are in their prime of sustenance they are crucial to society and the economy they follow the next generation they make up more than half the manpower. The discussion paper of Tinker et al (2000) reported that womens low socioeconomic status and reproductive role expose them to risks of poor health and wrong death. They assert, further, that Womens reproductive biology, combined with their lower socioeconomic status, results in women military posture the biger burden from unsafe sex which includes both infections and the complications of unwanted pregnancy. over the years, women in Nigeria and Africa, at large, have been plagued with health issues such as postgraduate mortality in childbirth. To combat maternal morbidity/mortality and other health issues that women face, there is the enquire for quality reproduct ive health dish ups, such as medical care which includes family planning, safe pregnancy, delivery care, treatment and prevention of familiarly transmitted infections, such as human immunodeficiency virus and aid. Kalyani (2007) notes that while health issues on women are rampant and on the increase, the attitude of women towards look foring schooling on their health is low with little done in search about how women seek information pertaining to their health.Studies have revealed further that not all women understand and are able to process the health messages they come across. An example is the Findings from the National Adult Literacy Survey which indicate that almost half of the U.S. heavy(p) population has limited literacy skills, and one-quarter is functionally illiterate. Flores, Weber, Kilker, Dang and Lindsey (2007) observe that this is so as Health information often includes technical terms and concepts that are strong to understand, regardless of ones level of edu cation or literacy. However, reading, understanding, and using health information can be a difficult task for those with limited literacy skills. Thus, the need for media programmes on health, as media cut across literacy level. To reduce these health challenges to their lowest ebb, television as a medium of entertainment and information seek to keep the woman educated and informed. There is the need for media education on health as a result of the complexity and population of the Nigerian society which health workers cannot handle alone.Objectives of the studyThe general objective of this study is to examine the extent to which edutainment programmes on the broadcast media have helped in promoting the practice of safe motherhood. Other objectives areTo determine if pregnant and post-partum women through Health edutainment programmes on the broadcast media have the knowledge of Safe Motherhood.To find out if pregnant and post-partum women practice the health messages on Safe Motherh ood they visualise or listen to.Research QuestionsTo what extent do pregnant and post-partum women have the knowledge of Safe Motherhood as a result of health edutainment programmes on the broadcast media?What is the attitude of pregnant and post-partum women to the practice of Safe Motherhood?Scope of the studyThis thrust of this study is to investigate the extent to which edutainment programmes on the broadcast media have helped in promoting the practice of safe motherhood. This study volition cover pregnant and post-partum women in Ilisan Community within the ages 15 to 49 years of age. Ilisan community is a town set in Ikenne topical anesthetic government area of Ogun state. It is a community that has a number of her pistillate populations is either illiterate or semi-literate. It is also a community that has a high rate of teenage pregnancy.LITERATURE REVIEWSafe MotherhoodGeefhuysen (2000) defines Safe Motherhood as is the culmination of services for women from the beginni ng of life and the ability to choose when to become pregnant. The concept of safe motherhood includes taking necessary steps when preparing to get pregnant such as adequate preparation for the well- being of the mother and the growing fetus in the beginning conception and taking appropriate measures to ensure successful delivery. The purpose of Safe Motherhood initiative is to decide when to get pregnant through the use of contraceptive to promote family planning, prevent maternal mortality by deliverance for possible maternal emergency while receiving healthcare delivery service from a trained departr. This is affirmed by Igbokwe and Adama (2011) who pointed out that safe motherhood is aimed at preventing maternal and prenatal mortality and morbidity. It also enhances the quality and synthetic rubber of womens live through the adaptation of combination of health and non- health strategiesmaternal(p) mortalityThe issue of maternal mortality has been a growing anxiety to world le aders and stakeholders in this field. Maternal mortality is a iodine most important health issue facing obstetricians, gynecologists and Nigerians (Society of Obstetric and gynaecology of Nigeria- SOGON). This problem arises from unequal power between men and women in sexual relationships which expose women to involuntary sex, unwanted pregnancy, and sexually transmitted infections including HIV and assist (Tinker, Finn and Epp, 2000). The world maternal ratio also necessitated the 5th Millennium discipline Goals to have reduced maternal mortality ratio (MMR) by year 2015. The recent report by United Nations Fund for Population Activities UNFPA (2014) shows thatGlobally, the maternal mortality ratio dropped by 45 per cent between 1990 and 2013, from 380 to 210 deaths per 100,000 live births. Worldwide, almost 300,000 women died in 2013 from causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. Maternal death is loosely preventable and much more needs to be done to provide care to pregnan t women.Health Messages and Edutainment ProgrammesYahaya, Fadairo and Ogunele (2009) explain that information, entertainment and education are very important to women. Therefore, health communicators should always include some elements of information, education and entertainment in their health and other development messages targeted at women in order to attract or gain their attention. They summarised from their study in Lagos that women experience a serious forward motion in knowledge and a positive change in their health behaviour as a result of watching and listening to various health programmes on Entertainment-Education channels. For instance, 61.2% indicated serious improvement in knowledge, while 59.8% had a positive change in their health behaviour due to programmes on family planning on television and radio respectively. Also Farhana Ahmed (2008), in their report, affirms that mass media techniques that combine entertainment with health education are particularly effect ive in producing behaviour changes. This they discovered in their findings on a soap opera in Tanzania Twende na Wakati (Lets Go with Times) which has influenced about one- fourth of its listeners to adopt family planning methods and HIV/ AIDS prevention while 65.5% of the participants said they discussed pregnancy and maternal health issues subsequently the campaignAlso, several studies, Singhal and Rogers, 1999 Brown and Singhal, 1999 and Tufte, 2002 point out that Entertainment-through television is one of the most effective communication strategies for reaching out to the public to promote social change. Singhal and Rogers (1999) also notes that television soap operas, popular music, street domain and comic books have all been used to educate the public about such health issues as family planning, HIV and AIDS prevention, environmental health, womanly equality, improved sanitation, female genital mutilation (Singhal, Rogers, 1999). Findings from their study showed that entert ainment-education in developing countries prove that the strategy changes behavior.MethodologyDesign The structured questionnaire for the survey was designed in English but the data collectors were trained to interpret the questions in the topical anesthetic dialect. The design is considered appropriate because the study will essentially focus on people.Setting The study was carried out in Ilisan Remo, Ogun State. Ilisan is a community located in Ikenne local government area of the state. It has a primary health care center, a teaching hospital owned by Babcock University and a few other privately owned hospitals that provide medical care. Ilisan also have a couple of Traditional Birth Centers which a great number of pregnant women visit.Procedure a total of 110 copies of the questionnaire were distributed. The copies of the questionnaire were administered at homes, shops, the market place, private offices, hospitals, institutions, churches and mosques. 100 were returned and analy sed using descriptive statistics such as frequency tables and percentages.Brown, W. and singhal, A. (1999) Entertainment-Education Media Strategies for Social Change Promises and Problems. In Demen, D. and VIIInnmath, K. (ed.), Mass Media Social escort and SocIal-Amea. Iowa Iowa State Univenity Press. Retrieved from http//utminers.utep.edu/asinghal/Articles%20and%20Chapters/singhal_usdin_scheepers_goldstein_japhet.pdfFarhana, S. Ahmed, J. (2008).Entertainment-Education to Promote Safe Motherhood In the Context of Bangladesh. Canadian Social Science 4(4). Canadian Research Development Center of Sciences and Cultures. Retrieved fromhttp//www.questia.com/read/1P3-1584808581/entertainment-education-to-promote-safemotherhoodFlores, L., Weber, K, Kilker, P., Dang, P. Lindsey, L. (2007). Health Education Efforts in Uncertain Times dowry to Ensure Healthy Pregnancies in a Time of Crisis. American daybook of Health Education. Vol 38(4). Gale GroupGeefhuysen, C. (2000) Safe Motherhood in Indonesia A parturiency for the Next Century. In Berer,M. and Ravindran, S. (ed.) Safe Motherhood Initiatives Critical Issues. Retrieved rom http//www.rhmjournal.org.uk/publications/SafeMotherhood.pdfIgbokwe, C. and Adama, G. (2011) knowledge and practice of Safe Motherhood amongchildbearing mothers Attending maternal and child health (mch) Clinics in nsukka health district. Journal of Research in Education and Society Vol.2(1). Retrieved from http//www.icidr.org/jres_v2nos1_april2011/Knowledge and Practice of Safe Motherhood Initiative (SMI) among accouchement Mothers attending Maternal and Child Health (Mch) Clinics in Nsukka Health District.pdfKalyani, A. (2007). Information-Seeking bearing of Women in Their Path to an InnovativeAlternate Treatment for Symptomatic uterine Fibroids. Journal of the Medical Library Association, 95(2) 164-172. Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1852624/Soul City Institute (2013) Edutainment development stories media for so cial action and behaviourchange. Retrieved from http//www.google.com.ng/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=2ved=0CCIQFjABurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soulcity.org.za%2Fresearch%2Fpublished-articles%2Fedutainment-using-stories-and-media-for-social-action-and-behaviour-change%2Fdownloadei=VnP9VNuaI8vfapqSgYAOusg=AFQjCNFzf-ESEywiAXHtnk-_U6bJe_jkAAsig2=QdJ7fbpcrFiNaSEMB4mSNQbvm=bv.87611401,d.d2sSinghal, A. Rogers, E. (1999). Entertainment-Education A Communication dodging forSocial Change. Mahwah, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Retrieved fromhttp//www.questia.com/read/57758858/entertainment-education-a-communicationstrategySOGON, (N/A).Fact Sheet on fruitful Health in Nigeria Facts and Figures.Tinker, A., Finn, K. Epp, J., (2000). Improving Womens Health Issues and Interventions.Health, Nutrition, and Population Family (HNP). The internationalistic Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. Washington, DC 20433Tufte, T. (2002) Edutainment in HIV/AIDS Prevention. Building on the Soul CityExperience in South Africa. In Servaes, J. (ed.), Approaches to Development Communication, Paris UNESCO. Retrieved from http//www.unesco.kz/publications/ci/hq/Approaches%20Development%20Communication/CHP13.PDFUNFPA (2014). The Millennium Development Goals Report. Retrieved fromhttp//www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2014%20MDG%20report/MDG%202014%20English%20web.pdfWHO (World Health Organization) (2013, February 6-7). Meeting to Develop a GlobalConsensus on Preconception Care to Reduce Maternal and Childhood Mortality andMorbidity. A Meeting Report presented at the World Health Organization Headquarters, Geneva. Retrieved from http//www.who.intYahaya, M., Fadairo, S and Ogunele, A. (2009). Attitude and the Effect of Health-based Entertainment-Education Strategies on the Knowledge and Behaviour of Women in Lagos State. supranational Journal of Agricultural Economics Rural Development 2 (1) 2009. Retrieved from http//www.ijaerd.lautechaee-edu.com