Prisons Compare and Contrast - 1105 Words

Prisons Compare and Contrast Prisons systems have changed after the first penitentiary was opened known as the Eastern Penitentiary. The theory of penitentiary was that by keeping criminals locked in their cell with not outside influences so that they can reflect on their past as well as become more religious is a way that the person will change their lives for the better and in return this would reform the person so upon release they were God fearing people that could function in society. These prisoners were locked in their cell 23 hours a day and had 30 minutes twice a day for yard time that was no just outside their cell. The inmates worked along in their cell, doing what they were told to do. They ate in their cell and only were†¦show more content†¦As the years go by, the crimes get more sever and the prisons are trying to find ways to accommodate prisoners, as well as try to help them in being productive members of society upon their release. Prison systems have changed over time. They have found better way to punish criminals and have become more humane in doing so. But, as the times change so do the crime as well as the sentences to the crime. Correctional system went from having a penitentiary theme where they felt that people should be locked in cells with no outside contact and to work by themselves, to a prison system where they felt that people should be able to be out of their cell and have contact with other workers. By doing this they felt more work could be produced within a minimal time. Many thought that prisoners would sit around playing cards all day; many had jobs such as cleaning, laundry, and kitchen duties. One problem is that they were not forced to attend classes to better their education. It is more of holding place for them until there release date instead of a rehabilitation system. In conclusion, the prison systems have changed since the first one had been opened. The theory behind the prison systems was not only to keep criminals behind bars, but t o rehabilitate them while incarcerated. It can be said that the prison system is much more than a physical institution; it was a conceptShow MoreRelatedDefine, Then Compare and Contrast the Prison and the Jail Systems.979 Words   |  4 Pagescorrections system. This week we will examine corrections, the major goals of contemporary sentencing, who is sentenced, and how these sentences are formulated. Please respond to all three of the following prompts: * Define, then compare and contrast the prison and the jail systems. Jail is a place of detention, a place where an individual convicted or suspected of a crime is tained. Jail holds people accused under federal, state , county and or city. Jails people awaiting trial, peopleRead MoreUnit 1 English exam revision1239 Words   |  5 PagesThese questions may require you to: ï‚ ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Explain some information ï‚ ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Explain how views are expressed ï‚ ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Write about how language is used ï‚ ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Write about the layout features such as headlines and pictures ï‚ ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Compare and contrast the materials presented in the texts When approaching this exam paper you should make sure that you: ï‚ ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Read the questions and keep them in your mind as you read the exam texts ï‚ ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Allow time to answer all the questions ï‚ ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Read MoreEssay on Federal vs. State Policy Comparison1109 Words   |  5 Pagessurface. The federal government handles the entire United States whereas the state government handles just what it says and that is within that specific state, such as New Jersey (N.J.). The following paper will contain information which will compare and contrast the policies written from both types of governments and how they relate to the criminal justice system. There will be information on how these policies have been developed and how they are implemented. Some explanation will be given as to howRead MoreSorry for the Loss Essay1240 Words   |  5 Pagesstory’s main character, the prison chaplain Evie. This makes the story very personal, as the reader gets access to Evie’s thoughts on prison life and on some of the major themes of the story. One thing to note is that almost all of Evie’s thoughts are related to the prison, which creates a s ense of confinement, something that ties in well with the setting of the story. The story begins in medias res, which means that the reader has no background information about Evie or the prison, and is immediately presentedRead MoreAfrican Americans : African American And A Writer952 Words   |  4 Pagesinteresting while reading their writings were Nat Turner and Malcolm X. The purpose of writing this paper is to compare and contrast Nat Turner and Malcolm X of what I have learned from their writings and as well reliable information that I will be researching and gathering to show the similarities and differences among these African-American authors. In order for me to compare and contrast these two authors I first need to identify them, in which I’ll be starting off with Nat Turner. Nat Turner isRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Juvenile Crime And Sentencing1510 Words   |  7 Pagesjuvenile crime and sentencing in the electronic long form newspaper article, â€Å"The Prisoner†. The purpose of the essay is to inform the reader about juvenile sentencing and to persuade the audience that there are clear problems with aspects of the U.S. prison system. The article is easily accessible to a large audience because it is online. Hollandsworth takes into account that his audience, mostly consisting of Texas Monthly readers, may already have pre-established notions about the topic, so he considersRead MoreFilm Analysis : The Film The Help 953 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cinema Help to Overturn Cultural Politics Issues in American Society. Abstract: This assay compares and contrasts mass culture film â€Å"The Help† debuted in 2011, directed by Tate Taylor, set in Jackson Mississippi in the 1960s. The Help represents various characters. However, characters to be analyzed in this film are: Celia Foot, Minny Jackson, and Hilly. In Contrast to The Help, is the feminist text â€Å"The Color Purple† directed by Steven Spielberg, released in 1985, set in 1900’s in the deepRead MoreThe Between Private And Public Prisons942 Words   |  4 Pagesprivate and public prisons. While private prisons have been useful, I believe that it does not have an advantage over public prisons with regard to rehabilitation and reoffending rates of offenders. Private prisons were first implemented in order to combat the effects of overcrowding and the increasing cost of maintaining public prisons (Mennicken, 2013; Jones Newburn, 2005). While private prisons have been successful in that regard, there are various other concerns, ranging from prison and punishmentRead MoreThe Prisoner s Dilemma By Stephen Chapman1531 Words   |  7 Pagespunishing and killing inmates the best way to reduce crimes? Stephen Chapman’s â€Å"The Prisoner’s Dilemma† and Piers Hernu’s â€Å"Norway’s Ideal Prison† from the anthology One World, Many Cultures will show two very different prison conventions. Bastoy is one of Norway’s experimental â€Å"Ecological Prison†. Most prisoners who were imprisoned in Bastoy noticed compared to other prisons they have served in that Bastoy is the best. In Islam, committing a crime normally results with severe punishments. For example, ifRead MoreThe Population Of Denmar k And The Uk1535 Words   |  7 Pageschild is under 3-years-old) move in to the prison with them. (Foote, 2013) The prisons themselves are also more ‘open prisons’, where security is minimal and the amount of effort made to resemble the outside world is beyond belief. On the face of it, the only noticeable difference between these open prisons and normal civilian life is that inmates obviously are not allowed to leave. (Foote, 2013,Tull, 2013) In fact, not only are the conditions in these prisons better than almost all other penal systems

1960s an Interdisciplinary Approach Essay - 2181 Words

The year is 2325 and this researcher has come upon a time capsule entombed beneath a long forgotten memorial in Washington D.C. When this researcher opened the time capsule there was a note dated December 31, 1969 that read â€Å"Within this time capsule is evidence of a time gone by but within it is our hope for the future and we are hoping that whomever reads this in the future sees that our ideas about a peaceful, accepting and proud America have held true in the time that you open this humble box†. This researcher removed five items all from the decade of the 1960’s; that hold great significance to the decade. The first item is a reel of film labeled â€Å"Walter Cronkite: Man on the Moon†. The second item was a bit curious; this item was a†¦show more content†¦Born to a socialist father who was also an early advocate of women’s suffrage, from him Margaret Sanger inherited her political pluck. This woman spent her life helping women take control of their own bodies and be educated; she is responsible for the plight of women in being able to reversibly prevent pregnancy through the use of a drug she pushed to get created known as â€Å"The Pill†. Margaret Sanger was over 80 years old when the first pills became available and by the end of the 1960’s there were many millions of women using the new form of birth control even though the Catholic Church and some states considered it vulgar and obscene and outlawed the use in preventing p regnancy. Ultimately this progressive change in thought and culture to women being able to control their own fertility and therefore be able to work outside the home; this also created a counter culture â€Å"sexual revolution† where women felt freer to express their own sexuality without the fear of becoming pregnant – while others saw this a moral decay of individuals and family. Conclusively the majority of people are happy with the results of Margaret Sanger work to provide women with a safe and healthy choice in preventing pregnancy but other are happy that only part of her philosophies were adopted byShow MoreRelatedEvolution of Cognitive Psychology1054 Words   |  5 PagesEvolution of Cognitive Psychology Cognitive psychology is defined as â€Å"the scientific study of mental processes† (Riegler Riegler 2008, p. 1). During the 1960s, cognitive psychology became an emerging presence in the field of psychology. During this time period, attention to the study of â€Å"how internal states, such as thoughts, feelings, and moods influence behavior† (Cherry 2010, p. 12). Cognitive psychology studies how individuals think, comprehend language, and form beliefs. Human developmentRead MoreCognitive Psychology Essay1294 Words   |  6 Pagessubject provides practitioners a comprehensive view of the subject matter (Dr. King, 2012). In relation to cognitive psychology, one must first have a definition of cognition. The next line of thinking would be to have a working knowledge if interdisciplinary perspective as related to cognitive psychology and a description of the appearance of cognitive psychology as a discipline. Finally, an understanding of the impact of the decline of behaviorism on the discipline of cognitive psychology is neededRead MoreSystem Approach1260 Words   |  6 PagesThe Systems Approach Requirement in Principle of Management Submitted by: Jenine Faye Bernardino Michelle Calles Linden Balaoro Jerome Bereber Spencer Aro BSBA MM 1-2 Submitted to: Mrs. Laila P. Chavez Submitted on: January 12, 2011 Page 1 Table of Contents Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Page 3 Systems Theory †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Page 4 Elements in Business System †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Page 5 The 7-S Model †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Read MoreConceptions of the Cold War Essay1006 Words   |  5 PagesEXPLORING THE 1960s: An Interdisciplinary Approach Professor Daniel Burrello By: Janet Lewis Unit 2 Assignment Due: May 28, 2013 EDWARD C. RADZIK What words or phrases come to mind when you think of the term Cold War? The term Cold War can be defined as the period of political impasse which existed between our country (U.S.A.) and U.S.S.R. from the early 1950s until the fall of Communism in the early 1980s. Words and phrases associatedRead MoreInternational Association On Computer Science888 Words   |  4 Pagesgovernance of sports informatics, the field must be examined much more deeply to develop a complete understanding of how these practical sports applications come about. Since the 1960’s, computers have been reliable for storing all sorts of data, including storing sports information in large databases. However, not until the 1970’s did scientists and society become increasingly aware that we can integrate this data and computer processes with real life processes to create new ideas (Computer). As suchRead MoreA Brief History of the NNC in the Philippines834 Words   |  3 Pagesunder the National Science and Development Board (NSDB). With the aid of innovations in research and technology, nutritional problems in the country were met with a more multisectoral approach. More and more agencies representing different sectors were becoming involved in the war against malnutrition. In 1960, National Coordinating Council on Food and Nutrition (NCCFN) was created by the Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI) in an attempt to coordinate nutrition work done by the governmentRead MoreCritical Essay 11095 Words   |  5 Pagesforms of entertainment started to take flight. The portrayal of the drugs used were that of a positive light; being pleasurable, socially acceptable, and even appropriate to use for those that did not live a criminal lifestyle. It wasn’t until the 1960s in which the positive connotations with drugs became contradictory. This was a result of the implementation of stronger drug prohibition laws. Many of the positively represented films were eradicated to make way for more insightful films about drugsRead MoreBiomedical And Health Informatics Have Been Increased Demand1570 Words   |  7 Pagesinterventions. Translating evidence by aggregation and synthesizes of research make clinical care result applicable. Description of Selected Advanced Practice Translation of Evidence Beginning in the 1960‘s the nursing profession has been established as a science of art and the era of knowledge has begun. By the 1990‘s, the field of nursing required more than knowledge for efficient, effective and safe practice of patients. Peterson (2010) indicated the availability of adequate evidence-based choices amongRead MoreThe Origins Of Clinical Mental Health Counseling1458 Words   |  6 Pagesadvanced to meet the needs of those seeking services. Origins in the United States The origins of clinical mental health counseling are best explained through an understanding of the counseling profession as a whole. From its start, counseling was interdisciplinary, evolving from such disciplines â€Å"including but not limited to anthropology, education, ethics, history, law, medical sciences, philosophy, psychology, and sociology† (Gladding, 2013, p. 3) . As people began to experience adverse effects to theirRead MoreHistory of Cognitive Psychology1666 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract An analysis of the history of cognitive psychology. Including key ideas, contributors, trends, etc. History of Cognitive Psychology According to G. Miller of Princeton University, cognitive psychology  is an approach to psychology that emphasizes internal mental processes. So, â€Å"since the beginning of experimental psychology in the nineteenth century, there had been interest in the study of higher mental processes. But something discontinuous happened in the late 1950s, something so

Least squares Free Essays

The backbone of analytical methods consists of various mathematical and procedural concepts to represent relations between points in the object, their corresponding images and operational procedures to solve specific problems. Analytical photogrammetric procedures may be considered along three operational stages, each invol ving specific instruments (Fig. 6. We will write a custom essay sample on Least squares or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1), viz. , those used for acquisition of image data (mensural), those used for data-processing and analyses (computational) and those used for display or presentation of the results. In view of the above, we would study the historical developments firstly with regard to the concepts and next with regard to the instruments and their potentials for the future. A mathematical model, in expressing the relevant concept, provides insight into the underlying chain of events. There is no mystery about the way in which this insight is achieved. The mathematical models have no scientific value unless they have been validated adequately through experience and research. Scientific validation is an openended process. As a mathematical model is successfully tested and used, it becomes established. Otherwise it stands to be changed, modified or simply dropped. We have witnessed this through the historical development of analytical photogrammetry. Furthermore, photogrammetry being an applied science, it is the content and not the form of the mathematical statement (language) that matters most. Thus we have noticed that mathematical and operational concepts have been adapted to circumstances without really changing the basic contents. The following sections would highlight the conceptual developments without going into personal . details. Hauck (1883) established the relationship between projective geometry and photogrammetry_ This should be considered to be the most fundamental geometric concept and the basis of most classic analytical photogrammetric developments. Ernst Abbe, the cofounder of the German Zeiss Works in 1871 started intense studies and tests for optical elements on the basis of rigorous mathematical analyses. F. Stolze discovered the principle of the floating mark in 1892 while Carl Pulfrich also of the Zeiss group developed a practicable method of measuring and deriving spatial dimensions from stereo-pholographic images with floating marks. He presented in 1901 the ZeissPulfrich Stereocomparator by supplementing Eduard von Orel’s (1877-1941) first prototype Stereoautograph at the 73 rd Conference of Natural Scientists and Physicians held at Hamburg. Separately, a ssimilar stereocomparator was invented in 1901 by Henry G. Fourcade (1865-1948) of South Africa. He presented this at the Philosophical Society of Cape Town. Sebastian Finsterwalder (1862-1951) in a series of publications during 1899 to 1937 established a very sthrong foundation for analytical photogrammetry. In these he brought about the geometric relations which govern resection and intersection as well as relative and absolute orientations. He predicted the future possibility of nadir point triangulation 311 and the applicatian af phatagrammetry to. astrageadetic measurements. He also. farmulated the basic laws af errar prapagatian in lang strip triangulatians. He was prabably the first persan to. use vectar terminalagy in phatagrammetry literature (Finsterwalder 1899, 1932). Eduard Dalezal 1862-1955) af Vienna, Austria pravided great internatianal driving spirit as he became the faunding President af the Internatianal Saciety far Phatagrammetry in 1909. He also. created the Internatianal Archives af phatagrammetry. viz. , the usefulness af auxiliary data and instruments in order to. avoid propagation of systematic errors in strip triangulation and the practical advantage of using wide-angle cameras. Heinrich Wild (1877-1951) presented in 1926 at the Second International Congress at Be rlin his modified plotter prototype known as Police Autograph. How to cite Least squares, Papers

Team Project (Transformational leadership) Global Leadership

Question: Discuss about the Team Project (Transformational leadership) for Global Leadership. Answer: Introduction The report is prepared aiming the contemporary issue and case of failure in Yahoo due to poor leadership decisions of Marissa Mayer. A few articles propose that Mayer's choice over consummation the practices from remote work at Yahoo is of no sense by any stretch of the imagination (Hartung). The case circumstance shows the wrongly treated side effects of group administration. The report suitably discusses the brief about the case study showing the failure of Marissa Mayer in Yahoo administration. The case study identified some leadership mistakes and among them, some particular issues are accounted in the identification section. The section studies how other business can mitigate those issues later on. Furthermore, the report includes the dimensions of global leadership in context of Yahoo incident and failure of such case study (James). The aspects of global leadership are supported with learning model with three levels with leading personnel. Team management is to be managed within these levels with identifying the problems of globalization. The issues might be leader-centric and dominated within the study (Myatt). The recommendations are included within later section along with mitigating decision-making issues in context of leadership. Brief about the Case Study The case study is considered as the failure of Yahoo due to poor leadership decisions of Marissa Mayer. In this situation, the main aspect is pointed clearly that she made a rookie mistake in leadership context(Aktas and Hanges). Every struggling enterprise in business, the CEO faces new challenges to make certain decisions. However, in this case, there is no yielding over easy dealing situations; Marissa Mayer bears no indication of becoming crucial leader in critical scenarios of Yahoo(Carter). She has acquired better tenure about leadership from Google, gained better knowledge and most contemporary issue is that Yahoos board has no idea about the pandemonium. Again, the recent articles suggest that Mayers decision over ending the practices from remote work at Yahoo is of no sense at all (Li and Begley). Therefore, the rationalization and justifications are worthless. The justifications were not supposed to make the bad scenario of such decisions into a good one, even the situation goes beyond the circumstances of such decision. The real leadership technicalities lacked in positive aspects and implications of global management(Anderson and Sun). The case situation is prior to wrongly treated symptoms of team management. Moreover, the remote working should not be ceased; rather the participation, involvement, and engagement in work should be encouraged from her side. The bold move of removing remote work culture is always ineffective if the bold move is not relevant to healthy leadership practices (Flemes and ed). The debate is over flexibility of working remotely or considered as the center of agenda in this classic case of ill-treated leadership. The problem is that the decision is cavalier, and flawed. Therefore, Marissa Mayer should consider the workforce and its capability over Yahoo; otherwise, the workforce should be encouraged with engendering trust and confidence(Witt and Stahl). The main blunder lies in making radical changes; she should consider the personnel belief and trustworthiness to portray genuine impact over productivity(Hartung). Her sense of urgency is admirable though the lack of finesse is underwhelming. Issue of the Case The change in work culture is suitable for any organization, however; drastic change is not solely supported from any struggling organization(Gaddis and Foster). She should consider revision of work process, try to integrate training, include improvement in workforce performance; sudden prevention of remote work is not acceptable. James opined that she should consider suitable terms and regulations, to deal with situation with time and effort. One should not pollute the work process without improving the culture; Marissa Mayer made the wrong choice in this particular part. CEO as Bill Gates, Richard Branson, and others made their choice to include remote workers as additional contributors in their individual organization; therefore, the question arises, why Yahoo does not allow them(Myatt). Again, Best Buy incorporated remote workers within the organizational aspects, and they declared their flexible work culture. The flexibility should consider with greater quality check of work and rescheduling of work process to minimize delay. This should be accounted in Yahoo to maintain remote and current work culture within global managerial perspective. Marissa Mayer made the contemporary issue and still she can reduce the problem with cost cutting in near future(Mueller and Terlutter). She should understand the primary need for Yahoo, rather making work culture limited to global team management. The identified issues are following: Encouraging legitimate status in work, she tried to build her own brand image in this part. She should have raised public visibility after Yahoo is fixed, but she tried to overpower herself within work in progress(Anderson and Sun). One must consider every aspect with more importance rather she does. Removing remote workers is another faulty decision in this aspect; she decided the policy to compel remote workers to come in Yahoo (Gaddis and Foster). On the flipside, many organizations carried out their work process with successful remote workers. Therefore, Yahoo should consider the remote workers with same preference and priority. Identification of the Dimensions in Global Leadership In terms of cultivating specific and suitable leadership practice, some analysts have claimed that human resources and other personnel are considered to conduct a study that identified critical success factors(Akhtar). The global leadership dimensions and success factors are identified as following: Better performance in personnel: The people are evaluated with well view and enlarged perception, however, the better leadership dimension suggests the authenticity with building trust (Carter). The strategic working connection in between people is needed to engage, motivate and inspire certain groups within several cultures. Mastering mobilization: The mobilization in resources is increased with flexibility in an organized way. The mobilization exhibits leadership in influencing the resources globally. Visionary to people capability: The leadership thinks out-of-the-box and considers the effective ambiguity managing with leadership flair, to advise strategies in making suitable outcomes in to higher level (Quintana and Cabrera). Contextual framework of leadership: Global leadership displays adaptability and exhibits cultural sensitive cases among ability to behavior modification for different situations. The situations may circulate around locality and audience selections. Intellectuality in leadership: Leadership aspects consider conceptual and strategic decisions to deal both complexity and ambiguity (Witt and Stahl). The intellectualism considers the strategic and tactical decisions with reducing problems from other decision-making. Aspects of Global Motivation and Team Management Global leadership is identified as managing integrated enterprise across several boundaries of stakeholders and their gaps in team management, the boundaries may be cultural, legal, regulatory, and economic systems(Ramsey). The leadership offers operation in multiple circumstances trying to achieve a common and recognized objective. In brief, global leadership is most significant with dimensions of activity irrelevant to businesses of single market operation(Aktas and Hanges). The global leadership attributes might become accessible to be necessary for team management. Increased globalization in leadership is not a new phenomenon, expansion of business and increasing of complexity exhibits such practices. Moreover, several companies took this situation as competition to consider the global leadership in practices (Anderson and Sun). Following pyramid is considered as learning model of global leadership. The model is segmented within three levels as project, theory limitations, western theory premises, cultural limitations, and issues. Figure 1: Learning Model of Global Leadership Source: (Phaneuf) Globalization issues: The globalization issues are identified as extent of globalization, national entrenchment, social rules, adaptation, and sensitivity in leadership. The issues are discussed as: Globalization can be within specific issues for economic, political and with most likely to face lacking in alternatives(Carter) National entrenchment is found in unexpected outcomes of global leadership Social rules are adapted to be external within cosmetic world limiting the cultural layers Cultural adaptation is another potential issue in terming the comfortableness of social conflicts, the social subsystems in organization can be major concern due to lack of interaction(Aktas and Hanges) Sensitivity is in consideration of effective leadership beyond cultural barriers of stakeholders. Cultural influences: The cultural influences may be defined with following models as Wren-Swatez Model, Hofstedes Value Dimensions, and GLOBE Study Value Dimensions. The Wren-Swatez Model shows the relationship in between the leaders and followers (Mabey and Nicholds). The micro factors are considered as organizational goals, culture specific tasks and particular objectives. Again, in Hofstedes Value Dimensions, the personnels cultural home is considered as a window to look through leadership in global aspect(Witt and Stahl). There are certain factors to be considered for determining the cultural gaps in gender discrimination, power distance, individualism, and orientations. The GLOBE Study Value Dimensions have major impact on implicit theories of global leadership(Ramsey). This particular value dimension relates the concept within several countries in meeting all factors above-mentioned. Western theory premises: The western theories consider the key factors as leader-centric, male-dominated, universal traits, task relationship balancing, quantifiable performance of employees, and individualism(Quintana and Cabrera). The theories applied for this individualism and quantifiable performance of stakeholders. The primary traits are considered as intelligence, self-confidence, determination, and integrity. Major consideration should be on cultural and sociability factors in team management(Li and Begley). The task relationship balancing is based on follower behavior and positive leadership impact over workforce. Cultural constraints in western theories: The cultural barriers are quite similar to the premises impact over the global leadership(Akhtar). The major differences in between these are in individualism of employees in following leaders. Country and project limitations: The cultural aspects as societal patterns are major accountable points in country based leadership. The evaluation of this particular case study is related in this level, as Marissa Mayer considered remote workers to be in Yahoo premises(Gaddis and Foster). However, the employees should be provided with personal choices in terms of remoteness regarding work culture. The primary effective leadership should consider remote workforce with gaining positive outcome from them. Conclusion and Recommendations After this discussion, it can be concluded that remote workers are considered inside the hierarchical viewpoints, and they are adapted within their adaptable work society. The adaptability ought to consider with more noteworthy quality check of work and rescheduling of work procedure to minimize delay. On the flipside, numerous associations completed their work procedure with suitable remote workers. The preparation shows authority in affecting the assets all around. Worldwide administration shows flexibility and displays social touchy cases among capacity to conduct alteration for various circumstances. Initiative perspectives consider reasonable and vital choices to bargain both many-sided quality and equivocalness. The worldwide administration credits may get to be open to be vital for group administration. The model is portioned inside three levels as venture, hypothesis impediments, western hypothesis premises, social confinements, and issues. The globalization issues are recognized as degree of globalization, national entrenchment, social tenets, adjustment, and affectability in initiative. National entrenchment is found in surprising results of worldwide administration, affectability is concerning compelling authority past social obstructions of partners. The social obstructions are very like the premises' effect over the worldwide initiative. The social viewpoints as societal examples are major responsible focuses in nation-based initiative. The organization ought to consider remote workforce with increasing positive result from them. Macroeconomic theory suggests that three points as productivity, unemployment, and inflation. The recommendations are stated as following: Implement suitable recognition program to increase teamwork and quality of performance in team Encourage social and cultural activities for engaging people with informal meeting with each other Outline proper roles for stakeholders to encourage members work ability and capable group work Identification of existing problems to empower project team dynamics with mitigating issues in globalization Mediate disputes from the culture of team management to solve other issues from negative effects incorporation Works Cited Akhtar, Pervaiz, et al. ""Data-driven and adaptive leadership contributing to sustainability: Global agri-food supply chains connected with emerging markets."." International Journal of Production Economics (2015). Aktas, Mert, Michele Gelfand and Paul Hanges. ""Cultural tightnesslooseness and perceptions of effective leadership."." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology (2015). Anderson, Marc H. and Peter YT Sun. ""Reviewing leadership styles: Overlaps and the need for a new fullà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ rangetheory."." International Journal of Management Reviews (2015). Carter, Dorothy R., et al. ""Leadership for global virtual teams: Facilitating teamwork processes."." Leading Global Teams (2015): 225-252. Flemes, Daniel and ed. Regional leadership in the global system: ideas, interests and strategies of regional powers. Routledge, 2016. Gaddis, Blaine H. and Jeff L. Foster. ""Metaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Analysis of Dark Side Personality Characteristics and Critical Work Behaviors among Leaders across the Globe: Findings and Implications for Leadership Development and Executive Coaching."." Applied Psychology 64.1 (2015): 25-54. Hartung, Adam. "Forbes Welcome". 14 December 2015. 14 July 2016 https://www.Forbes.com. James, Geoffrey. "Marissa Mayer's Top 10 Leadership Mistakes". 2015. 14 July 2016 https://www.Inc.com. Li, Chaoping, Hao Zhao and Thomas M. Begley. ""Transformational leadership dimensions and employee creativity in China: A cross-level analysis."." Journal of Business Research 68.6 (2015): 1149-1156. Mabey, Christopher and Alyson Nicholds. ""Discourses of knowledge across global networks: What can be learnt about knowledge leadership from the ATLAS collaboration?."." International Business Review 24. (2015): 43-54. Mueller, Barbara, Sandra Diehl and Ralf Terlutter. ""GLOBE Cultural Dimensions: Providing Insights for Advertising Execution in the Global Marketplace."." Advances in Advertising Research (Vol. V), Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden (2015): 161-175. Myatt, Mike. "Forbes Welcome". 2015. 14 July 2016 https://www.Forbes.com. Phaneuf, Julie-Elaine, et al. ""Personality and transformational leadership: The moderating effect of organizational context."." Personality and Individual Differences 102 (2016): 30-35. Quintana, Teresa Aguiar, Sangwon Park and Yasmina Araujo Cabrera. ""Assessing the effects of leadership styles on employees outcomes in international luxury hotels."." Journal of Business Ethics 129.2 (2015): 469-489. Ramsey, Jase R., et al. ""Developing global transformational leaders."." Journal of World Business (2016). Witt, Michael A. and Gnter K. Stahl. ""Foundations of responsible leadership: Asian versus Western executive responsibility orientations toward key stakeholders."." Journal of Business Ethics (2015): 1-16.

Role of Logistics in the Organization free essay sample

The Role of Logistics in the Organization Logistics is critical to the success of every organization. Once considered an important behind-the-scenes operational activity, logistics is now recognized as a strategic tool for creating customer value and loyalty. Companies like Wal-Mart,Coca Cola,and Nike attribute a great deal of their success to their global logistics systems. They realise that integrating activities within the organization and across the logistics pipeline, building strong relationships with product suppliers, and working with customer-focused logistics service providers are all crtitical to building a competitive advantage through logistics. †¢ The Marketing Concept It holds that achieving organizational goals depends on determining the needs and wants of target markets and delivering the desired satisfactions more effectively and efficiency than competitors. †¢ Customer satisfaction. Is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meet or surpass customer expectations. Marketing Mix To create the right marketing mix, businesses have to meet the following conditions: †¢ The product has to have the right features for example, it must look good and work well. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Logistics in the Organization or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page †¢ The price must be right. Consumer will need to buy in large numbers to produce a healthy profit. †¢ The goods must be in the right place at the right time. Making sure that the goods arrive when and where they are wanted is an important operation. †¢ The target group needs to be made aware of the existence and availability of the product through promotion. Successful promotion helps a firm to spread costs over a larger output. For example, a company like Kelloggs is constantly developing new breakfast cereals the product element is the new product itself, getting the price right involves examining customer perceptions and rival products as well as  costs of manufacture, promotion involves engaging in a range of promotional activities e. g. competitions, product tasting etc, and place involves using the best possible channels of distribution such as leading supermarket chains. The product is the central point on which  marketing  energy must focus. Finding out how to make the product, setting up the production line, providing the finance and manufacturing the product are not the responsibility of the  marketing function. Logistics adds time and place utility The marketing process must also add utility to the products consumers want. Utility is the use or satisfaction a person gets from a product. Form utility. is the want satisfaction generated by the physical characteristics of the product. In other words, the better the job a product does in filling the customers basic functional needs, the greater the products form utility. For example, consider a car. Form utility is provided by all the physical characteristics of the car. The primary need that is served, of course, is transportation the ability to get the customer from point A to point B. The better the car does at satisfying this basic functional need, the greater the degree of perceived form utility. Place utility is the want satisfaction associated with having the product available where customers want to buy it. Customers interested in obtaining place utility are essentially interested in convenience they do not want to go out of their way to buy the product. Customers are often willing of pay more for the product in return for this convenience. Examples of marketing activities that build place utility are convenience stores (e. g. 7-Eleven, Circle K, etc. ), in-home delivery, and in-home shopping (such as shopping via the television, telephone shopping, or shopping from your computer). Indeed, the ability to place orders and accept deliver for products in ones home has to be the ultimate place utility! Time utility is closely related to place utility. They go hand in hand. Time utility is the satisfaction gained from having the product available when you want to buy it. Time utility encompasses the desire for immediate gratification. Just as with place utility, customers often are willing to pay more in order to obtain products quickly. Examples of marketing activities that generate time utility are fast check-out lanes in grocery stores, drive-through windows at fast-food restaurants, ATMs, next day or one hour turn around by cleaners, vending machines, and, of course, the convenient shopping that is available at your local 7-Eleven or your neighborhood grocery store. Possession utility is the want satisfaction associated with product ownership. Possession utility generally is achieved when the customer acquires ownership of the product i. e. when title is passed to the customer. Possession Utility possession utility establishes legal ownership of a product. When you purchase something you normally receive a receipt; this provides legal ownership and the right to use the product. Some products, computer software, for example, also provide a user license. A license of this kind gives you the right to use the product within certain guidelines.

Latin Adjectives 1st and 2nd Declension

Latin Adjectives 1st and 2nd Declension In Latin, adjectives must agree with the nouns they modify in case and number, as well as gender. This means that like nouns, Latin adjectives must be declined.* Latin 1st and 2nd declension adjectives are declined like nouns in the 1st and 2nd declensions. It so happens that like nouns, there are also 3rd declension adjectives, but there are no 4th or 5th declension adjectives. So, since there are more declensions for nouns than adjectives, the number of the declension of the noun cannot possibly have to match the number of the declension of the adjective. Its even misleading to think of adjectives as belonging to the 1st OR the 2nd declension. They belong to both but look different depending on gender. For this reason, its better to refer to such adjectives as 1st AND 2nd declension adjectives. The Latin from which we get our word republic comes from a 5th declension feminine noun ( res) and a feminine adjective ( publica). If the 5th declension noun were masculine ( e.g., meridies midday), the adjective would take the masculine form publicus. As stated above, Adjectives need to match only the gender, number, and case of the noun they modify. A 1st and 2nd declension adjective can modify any noun. The 1st and 2nd declension adjective used here as a model is bonus, -a, -um, the Latin word for good, showing the full masculine form first, followed by the ending of the feminine next, and finally the ending for the neuter. nominative bona puellagenitive bonae puellaedative bonae puellaeaccusative bonam puellamablative bona puella The word girl is puella in Latin, a 1st declension noun, and like most 1st declension nouns, its feminine. The adjectival form corresponding with puella- a noun in the nominative singular- is bona. Declension of Bona Puella (Good Girl) in Latin Singular Plural: nominative bonae puellaegenitive bonarum puellarumdative bonis puellisaccusative bonas puellasablative bonis puellisnominative bonus puergenitive boni pueridative bono pueroaccusative bonum puerumablative bono puero The word for boy in Latin is puer. This is the nominative singular of a 2nd declension masculine noun. The form of the model adjective were using, that corresponds with puer- that is, the form of the adjective that agrees in number, case, and gender- is bonus. Declension of Bonus Puer (Good Boy) in Latin Singular Plural: nominative boni puerigenitive bonorum puerorumdative bonis puerisaccusative bonos puerosablative bonis puerisnominative bonum verbumgenitive boni verbidative bono verboaccusative bonum verbumablative bono verbo The English word word is verbum in Latin. This is a 2nd declension neuter noun. The form of the model adjective good that corresponds with verbum is bonum. Note that since this is a neuter, we can not say whether bonum verbum is nominative or accusative, although it is clearly singular. Declension of Bonum Verbum (Good Word) in Latin Singular Plural: nominative bona verbagenitive bonorum verborumdative bonis verbisaccusative bona verbaablative bonis verbis The paradigm form you will usually see for a 1st and 2nd declension adjective is: bonus -a -umboni -ae -ibono -ae -obonum -am -umbono -a -oboni -ae -abonorum -arum -orumbonis -is -isbonos -as -abonis -is -is *Note: You may run into indeclinable adjectives, which, obviously, are not declined.

Threat of new Entrants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Threat of new Entrants - Essay Example As a product, medical marijuana will provide increased competition especially because of the publication that it is receiving and perceptions that include many diseases that it can treat and improve symptoms. The capability for an entrant to satisfy a wide range of customer needs is a primary risk for the existing products (Vallaster et al., 2012). As a leader in the field of medicine, this is how I would assess the threat posed by medical marijuana. The strategies that I would implement to deal with this threat include corporate social responsibility and war gaming. Good corporate citizenship improves the reputation of an organization in the eyes of the communities and the customers who become loyal regardless of entrants. Considering that modern stakeholders are more interested in how organizations cater for the natural environment, an organization that practices the same is bound to not only retain but also increase its market share irrespective of entrants. In addition, the wargaming strategy would involve assessing how much the organization would be affected by entrants and devising ways of mitigating (Kaplan & Mikes, 2012). This would act as an opportunity for improvement. Personally, I think wargaming would be more effective although collaboration of both strategies would be more helpful with respect to future organizational performance. Moreover, I would also raise awareness with regard to the idea that the negative effects of medical marijuana overwhelm the perceived medicinal value.

Goods Design Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Goods Design - Research Paper Example Donald Norman moved away from mainstream scientific thinking by transforming his quest for enhancement of life. His streams of thoughts analyze an object not merely by its proposed use but its interaction with the user. Beyond serving a use an object has intrinsic ability to appeal to the user’s subconscious. This ability is attached subjectively based on the user moods, preferences and expectations. Norman believes that an attractive design is capable of creating pleasant experiences. He also believes that aesthetically pleasing objects usually appear more effectives by virtue of their sensual appeal. He suggested that although this ability did not influence the usability of the object it however influenced motivation of the user to perform the intended task. Cognitive thought processing takes place in either depth first processing that minimized distractions or breath first processing that takes advantage of the distractions and converts them into creative ideas (Norman, 200 7). Cognition is objective since it focuses more on the feasibility of the concepts on which the design is based. This suggests that engineers and designers produce items that are human centered in as far as reducing stress induced by the product since this would interfere with the user’s concentration. ... Items that are incorporate features such as color, shapes, smell that attract positive emotion in the user motivate better work performance (Norman, 2007). They inspire broad thinking and creativity by increasing tolerance to minor difficulties and flexibility at finding solutions. Pleasure derived from the physical appearance or functioning of the items induces positive effects broadening creativity and tolerance to blockage. He concludes on the notion that attractive things work better which is not entirely based on cognition of usability. According to him a good design must possess both usability and aesthetic value. Marketing considerations must be integrated in the manufacturing process and placement in the market. The items should be functional, affordable and pleasurable to own and use (Norman, 2007). Norman concludes that the positive affects of a design usually enhance creativity and this make those designs which are human centered to be essential for situations or tasks whi ch are stressful and this how Donald Norman emphasized on the importance of design in creating pleasant emotions. 2. Philosophy a crash course Philosophy refers to the academic discipline that exercises reasoning and logic with an attempt to understand reality and develop answers to fundamental questions about life, knowledge, morality and human nature (Irwin and Gracia, 2007). Due its generalized ideas and interrogation of thoughts this field of study is often perceived to ask questions that are rhetorical and interfering with common belief systems. Students shun philosophy out of its complexity and use of reasoning and logic to develop knowledge and test existing systems. Popular culture on the other

Marketing plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Marketing plan - Essay Example Since the beginning of the competition, the company has decided to come up with different ways of reaching out to its potential customers. So far the company has hired Fallon worldwide and advertisement agencies in Minneapolis to develop new marketing strategies for their products. Since its introduction in automotive sector in 1916, BMW Company has come up with different products in the sector (Martin, Fabian, and Josh 2002A) The Company is also known for producing and marketing a range of sporty and higher end motorcycles and cars. Despite investing on cars and motorcycles, the company has also embarked on aircraft engine known as Rolls Royce. The company global subsidiaries and manufacturing plants are situated in Mexico, Brazil, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Egypt, Vietnam United Kingdom, United States of America, Australia and Germany. All this plants have very concrete and productive marketing channels and strategies. Currently, the company is as well operating its financia l cooperate which offers financial assistance to potential customers. This marketing plan is based on a 4C framework of credibility, consistency, competitiveness and clarity as BMW strives to enhance its market niche in Japan and China. Credibility refers to continued use of reliable information to customers and all the conditions of sale will be upheld. Moreover, BMW will continue to make luxurious vehicles that will meet customer needs and will strive to gain competitiveness in the new market. Moreover, the channels of distribution used by the company will be clear. 2.0: Introduction Since producing its first car, BMW has grown significantly marketing its products in different parts of the world. 1,366,838 cars of different models were produced by BMW group in 2006 and this figure rose to 1,481,253 in 2010. Moreover, the company has been producing motorcycles since 1916 and does its production in different countries of the world including Mexico, China, Russia, UK, Australia, US a nd South Africa. However, it only started producing cars in China 2008 as shown in the table below. Table1 showing BMW vehicle production from 2005 to 2010 Year BMW Rolls-Royce MINI 2005 1,122,308 692 200, 119 2006 1,179,317 874 186,674 2007 1,302,774 1029 237,700 2008 1,203,482 1417 235,019 2009 1,043,829 918 213,670 2010 1,236,989 3221 241,043 Source (BMW Group 2011A) 56 percent of the total BMW branded vehicle are petrol powered as the remaining are powered using diesel. 27 percent of the vehicles powered by petrol have four cylinders while another 9 percent have eight cylinders. 2.1: Market overview So far the company has to a great extent succeeded in its marketing strategy. The success is highly attributed by functional and consistent marketing strateg

Artificial Bee Colony Algorithms And Software Testing Computer Science Essay

Artificial Bee Colony Algorithms And Software Testing Computer Science Essay The emerging area in the field of optimization is swarm intelligence. Various meta-heuristics algorithms based on swarm intelligence have been developed by many researchers. These algorithms have been developed by modeling the behaviors of swarm of animals and insects such as birds, bees, ants, fishes etc. The main focus of these algorithms is on the collective behavior which results from the local interactions between the individuals and with their environment. The Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm which has been recently introduced [1] is also a swarm based meta-heuristic algorithm. The algorithm models the intelligent foraging behavior of honey bees and has been introduced for optimizing various numerical problems. This paper gives a brief introduction about Artificial Bee Colony algorithm and also presents a review of applications of Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm in the field of software testing. Keywords Swarm Intelligence, Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm, Software Testing. 1. INTRODUCTION Swarm intelligence as a discipline deals with the artificial and natural systems which are composed of many individuals and they coordinate using the decentralized control and self organization [2]. The main focus of the discipline is on the collective behavior. Local interaction amongst the individuals and with their environment results into collective behavior. Some of the swarm based meta-heuristics algorithms are Particle Swarm Optimization, Ant Colony Optimization, and Artificial Bee Colony Optimization. Dervis Karaboga [1] in 2005 defined the artificial bee colony algorithm, which is the most recently introduced swarm based meta-heuristics algorithm. Since its inception, artificial bee colony algorithm has been applied in various fields. It also finds application in the field of software testing, which is one of the most indispensible phase of the software development lifecycle. This paper is divided into five sections. The next section gives a brief introduction about the nature of bees. Section 3 describes the artificial bee colony algorithm. Section 4 presents a review of application of artificial bee colony algorithm in the field of software testing and the last section give the comparative analysis of the applications on different parameters. 2. BACKGROUND 2.1 Components of Bee Colony The bee (Apis Mellifera) native to Europe and Africa is a social and domestic animal. Bees feed on nectar and pollens, where nectar is the prime source of energy and pollens act as supplements of proteins and other nutrients. Pollen is mostly used as food for larvae [3]. Generally the bee colony consists of a single queen bee that is responsible for laying eggs, thousand of male bees called drones and thousands of worker bees, which are the sterile bees and the young bee larvae called broods. 2.2 Bees Dance Bees randomly searches for food source positions with good supply of nectar. Once a bee finds such a position, it goes back to the hive and communicates about the food source position by dancing in the comb. If the foraging bee finds the food source position close to hive, it performs a simple round dance and if the food source position is far from the hive, then it performs waggle dance. Waggle dance basically forms an eight like figure and the distance and the direction of the food source is indicated by this dance. The speed of the dance conveys the distance. The inclination of the dance (angle between the sun, relative to hive and the food source) indicates the direction of the food source [4]. 3. Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm The artificial bee colony algorithm consists of 3 types of bees- the employed bee, onlooker bee and the scout bee. Scout bee is responsible for carrying out random searches in the environment. A bee who visits the food source visited by it previously is called an employed bee and the bee that waits in the beehive for decision making is called the onlooker bee. Both exploration and exploitation processes are carried out by all the three bees. In the ABC algorithm it is assumed that the colony consists of equal number of employed bees and onlooker bees and for every food source there is an employed bee in the hive. The bee whose food source has been exhausted by other bees becomes a scout bee [5]. The bee has the capability of memorizing the location of the food source once it has been discovered and then immediately starts exploiting it. The foraging bee returns to the hive with load of nectar from the source and then unloads the nectar to a food store. The bee has the following three options after unloading the nectar [1]: It becomes an uncommitted follower once the food source has been abandoned. It dances and recruits other nest mates while returning to the same food source. Without recruiting other bees, it continues to forage at the food source. The search consist a cycle of three steps [1]. In the beginning, some food sources are randomly selected by the bees and the amount of nectar is also determined. Then these bees return to the hive and share this information by performing the waggle dance. In second stage, each employed bee goes to the food source visited by her in previous cycle and then by means of visual information, chooses a new food source in the neighborhood. In the third stage, an onlooker bee visits the food source position depending on the nectar information shared by the employed bees. The food source with maximum nectar quantity is selected by the onlooker bee. After arriving at the selected food source, the onlooker bee according to visual information chooses a new food source in the neighborhood of the selected food source. Once the food source is abandoned by the bee, a new food source is randomly selected by a scout and then the abandoned source is replaced by this new food source. Depending upon the probabilistic value onlooker bee selects a food source. This value pi is calculated as [5]: where SN is the number of food sources which is also equal to employed bees number (BN) and fiti is the fitness value of the solution i evaluated by its employed bee. The fitness value is proportional to the nectar amount of the food source. To produce a candidate food position from the old one, the algorithm uses the following expression [5]: Where the random chosen indexes are k â‚ ¬ {1, 2. . . BN} and j â‚ ¬ {1, 2. . . D} and k is different from i. φij is a random number between [−1, 1]. It controls the production of a neighbor food source position around xij and the modification represents the comparison of neighbor food positions visually by the bee [5]. 4. Application of Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm to Software Testing Software testing is a type of multi variable optimization problem where generation and selection of efficient test cases cannot be achieved within permissible time bounds. Hence for solving these types of problems, meta-heuristics search algorithms have been proposed [6]. These algorithms help in finding the near optimal solution in reasonable running time. The artificial bee colony algorithm, which is also a meta-heuristics search algorithm, is capable of locating efficient solutions. The algorithm models the food foraging behavior of honey bees. The main focus of software testing is on uncovering as many errors as possible in the given time, as this would help in conforming the product to the requirement specifications and also to validate the quality of the software produced [7]. The following paragraphs give the review of application of artificial bee colony algorithm in the field of software testing. Mala et al [6] applied artificial bee colony algorithm in the field of software test suite optimization. The approach is based on population based algorithm where every test case represents a possible solution for the optimization problem. A happiness value has been introduced for each test case corresponding to the fitness or quality of the associated solution. Here the three bees are replaced by search agent, selector agent and optimizer agent. Various properties of agents are autonomy, inter-operability and social ability [11]. These agents help in selecting efficient test cases from infinite number of test cases. The parallel behavior of the agents helps in generating the solution faster. Path coverage has been described as the test adequacy criteria. Initially random test cases are generated for all test paths or sequences. Along the path, as the search agent goes to an executable state, it monitors each test case and also determines a neighbor state. The happiness value is upda ted for every test case, along every test path. If a particular node is not covered by a particular test case, then that node gets eliminated. The selector agent starts a new search for locating the node with highest feasibility in that path. Only the test case with maximum happiness value is remembered and rests are removed from the memory. Based on the happiness value, the optimizer agent chooses one of the test cases and also selects a neighbor around that for evaluating its happiness value. Abandoned test cases are replaced with the new test cases as discovered by the selector agent and this is repeated until all the nodes have been visited once. This algorithm was implemented on few sample problems and the results were compared to the results of application of Ant colony Optimization for test suite optimization. It was observed that ABC algorithm provided consistent results and the problems faced in ACO such as pheromone updation, memory and time overheads were not faced by ABC algorithm. McCaffrey [8] applied simulated bee colony algorithm for generation of pair wise test sets. A pair wise test set is generally a collection of test vectors where all possible combination of pairs of values has been captured from different parameters. Here a bee has been modeled as a bee object with four types of data fields and the entire colony is represented as a hive object consisting of an array of bee objects [8]. An enumeration type which specifies the current role (active, scout and inactive) is the first field. The second field defines a 2-D array representing a bees memory, which in turn would represent a partial solution. An integer value representing the quality of food source associated with data in bees memory is the third field type and the fourth field is represented by the number of times a particular food source has been visited by the bee object without locating a neighbor source with higher quality value. The algorithm requires an initial seed value which can be any value equal or greater to number of test vectors which are representing a minimal solution. In the proposed algorithm, when the scout bee is in active role, then it leaves the hive and selects a random food location and compares the quality of food. If the quality of the food location is greater than the one in its memory, the memory gets updated with new food location. The simulated scout bee performs the waggle dance in hive and these dances are visible to all the inactive bees in the hive. In the algorithm, the number of times an active foraging bee visits a source has been fixed. Global counter variable helps in tracking the number of simulated bees in each role. Therefore when an active bee becomes inactive, then randomly an inactive bee is selected and gets transitioned to an active state. The algorithm was run against seven pairwise tests set generation benchmark problem. The approach yielded good result in terms of test set size but the performance of the algorithm was slower as compared to other deterministic algorithms. Mala et al [9] again proposed the use parallel behavior of the three bees for automated software test optimization. The main focus was to generate efficient test suite which can cover the software under test within time and less cost. The artificial bee colony algorithm system combines the local search conducted by the employed and onlooker bees with the global search carried out by scout bee. Hence it helps in attaining global or near-global optima. The test adequacy criteria applied here is ensuring the state coverage, path coverage and branch coverage. The cyclomatic complexity of the given program is known and it also indicates the number of independent paths. Three bees functionality gets extended to three agents- search agent, selector agent and replace agent. The algorithm in [6] was implemented on 10 benchmark problems and the results were compared to sequential ABC, random testing and Genetic Algorithm. It was found that the performance of parallel ABC algorithm is better th an the other approaches. In some cases random testing also produced better results as compared to genetics algorithm. For 100% coverage, the number of test cases needed was very less in parallel ABC as compared to other approaches. GA gave only 50% coverage due to strike up local optimal solution. Dahiya et al [10] presented an ABC algorithm based approach for automatic generation of structural software tests. The working of the honey bee is reported as robust and adaptive by [12].The paper applied artificial bee colony based search algorithm for generating test data using symbolic execution technique of static structural testing and therefore corresponding to every path a compound predicate was constructed by anding all the branch predicates of a path. The compound predicate should be evaluated to true by a candidate solution to become a valid test case. For test data generation, random population of candidate solution is generated. Solutions are represented by position of flower patches. The profitability related to each flower is also measured. This profitability is replaced by the fitness of the positions in computer modeling. It includes various parameters such as nectar content in the flower, distance of flower from the beehive and sugar content in nectar etc. In the first phase of the algorithm; the employed bees modify elite flower patches position w.r.t. neighborhood. In the second phase, the onlooker bees modify their patches position w.r.t. elite patches position. A greedy selection process is repeated after every phase where solution or flower patches compete among themselves for retention in the selected or elite flower patches, based on their fitness. Hence some solutions or flowers may migrate from one patch to another patch and some may get abandoned. These search phases of the bees are repeated until some termination criteria are met. The algorithm was implemented on ten real world problems. The output suggested that the proposed algorithm had performed satisfactorily for most of the programs except for the programs having large input domains and various equality based path constraints. 5. Analysis and Discussion Four different applications of Artificial Bee Colony algorithm in the field of software testing has been reviewed and based on the analysis a table has been formulated which compares all the applications on different parameters. Parameters Application by D Jeya Mala (2009)[6] Application by James D McCaffrey (2009)[8] Application by D Jeya Mala (2010)[9] Application by S S Dahiya (2010)[10] Main Objective Test suite optimization Generation of pairwise test sets Automated software test optimization Automatic generation of structural software tests. Output obtained Generated optimal results and it converges within less number of test runs. Good results in terms of test set size and suggests the use where test sets are intended to be reused. Generated global or near global optimal results and it converges within less number of test runs. Generated test cases for all paths. Tool used for implementation Java PICT in C++ QICT in C# Java MATLAB Output Comparison With Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm With published results of 7 benchmark problems. With Sequential ABC, Random Testing and Genetics Algorithm No Comparison made Behavior of Bees Parallel behavior of bees Sequential behavior Parallel behavior Sequential behavior Cyclomatic complexity YES NO YES YES Type of bees Search Agent, Selector Agent, Optimizer Agent Employed bee, Onlooker bee, Scout bee Search agent, Selector agent, Replace Agent Employed bee, Onlooker bee, Scout bee Test Adequacy Criteria Path Coverage Not Mentioned Path coverage, Branch Coverage, State coverage Path coverage Drawbacks Not Mentioned Longer generation time Not mentioned Did not perform well on programs having large input domain and many equality based path constraints. Benchmark problem used 6 problems 7 benchmark problems Many 10 real world problems Table1. Comparison of various applications of ABC algorithm Mala et al [6] applied artificial bee colony algorithm for test suite optimization and the results obtained were better than the use of Ant Colony Optimization. McCaffrey [8] applied ABC algorithm for generation of pairwise test sets and suggested the use where test sets are intended to be reused. Mala et al [9] again applied ABC algorithm for automated software test optimization and compared the output with that of sequential ABC algorithm, Random Testing and Genetics Algorithm. For 100% coverage the number of test cases needed was very less in parallel ABC algorithm. Dahiya et al [10] used ABC algorithm for automatic generation of structural software tests. The algorithm performed satisfactorily except for programs with large input domains. 6. Conclusion In this research the artificial bee colony algorithm has been studied and a review based on application of the artificial bee colony algorithm in the field of software testing has been performed. Based on review a table has been formulated which compares all the applications on different parameters. It was also observed that the current application of artificial bee colony algorithm is in the field of structural testing and for test suite optimization only.

Leadership Essay -- essays research papers

Leadership: The Human Vessel to the New Business Frontier As our workforces grow more diverse every day, and customers are demanding better, faster, and less expensive service, companies are faced with the challenges to create and meet the changes necessary to remain in business. The organizational environment must also learn to assess the direction of these changes while also being able to respond successfully to those that roll in at a completely different direction than expected. The leadership required to handle these wonderfully tumultuous times, so that organizations in transition remain profitable, is crucial.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today’s companies become successful based on their abilities to create and manage change. They can no longer survive without “…courage and imagination – the courage to challenge prevailing business models and the imagination to invent new markets.'; As the globe continues to evolve into a marketplace with vanishing boundaries, competition becomes stronger, tighter, and smarter than ever before, ultimately forcing organizational change. The tidal strength of competition that has been upon us over the past few decades has fundamentally changed the “blueprints'; of many corporations and how they now need to be led. Businesses have awakened to the hard fact that leadership can no longer be defined by the effective management of people and systems, but most importantly by the effective leading of change. Leadership, or the lack thereof, is proving to be one of the most crucial determinants of whether organizations will survive and flourish in the next century’s business frontier. “We live in an era of organizational reengineering. To become or remain competitive, leaders often must realize improvement through radical change, or reengineering.'; As defined by Jon R. Katzenbach, author of Real Change Leaders, radical changes are: Those situations in which corporate performance requires most people throughout the organization to learn new behaviors and skills. These new skills must add up to a competitive advantage for the enterprise allowing it to produce better and better performance in shorter and shorter time frames. The changes that are most relevant are those that demand companies to redefine their org... ...within their organizations as the primary factor for success. Although empowerment has become somewhat of a “buzz'; word within the business arena, it’s power is nonetheless stronger than any other tool used by leaders to get results from people. Because in its most simple form, empowerment is sharing the decision-making process with others, it is closely related to courage. Those companies that have stood the test of time, such as Hewlett-Packard, Motorola, Nordstrom, and Wal-Mart have infused into their organizations the practices of empowering their employees. Leaders of the future must have the strength and fearlessness to go against the grain of old assumptions or paradigms. They must continue to trailblaze in their efforts to see that the organizations of the next century will remain in tact. They will be the encouragers of change for positive results; they will be the beacons that the others look to guide the ship through any storm; they will hold their heads high in recognition of success and have the courage to admit when outcomes are not what they had planned. Tomorrow’s leaders of change rise to the occasion and take the others with them.

Commodity market Study Essay

1.Is Sol Levin running a business‘just like any other business’,or is his company open to moral criticism? Defend your answer by appeal to moral principle. In today’s society has become a commercial chain selling blood,it cannot be stopped,if not in the interests of business between demand it will always be a demand,is what we need.May be a pint of blood can promote economic growth,so,it also belongs to egoism(Shaw et al2013,p/63),so blood trading wether to follow business ethics,in my opinion depending on the needs of the recipient,not the opposite.Philosopher Peter Singer elaborated this point in the blood,‘If blood is the price of a commodity,donation only means to save other people’s money’.(p/99)So if the blood successful sale transaction,both to meet the needs of those who also grew by commercial interests,belongs ‘a double win pay’. 2.Did Plasma international strike a fair bargain with the West Africans who supplied their blood to the company?Or is Plasma guilty of exploiting them in some way?Explain your answer. I would agrue that the bargain here was not fair.Plasma international until a Tampa paper charged that Plasma was purchasing blood for as little as 15 cents a pint and then reselling it to hospital in the United States and South America for $25per pint.Blood,low sell high income as a worthless commodity. i supposed Plasma international is quility.But West African,large population,backward development,so, 3.Many believe that commercialisation is increaing in all areas of modern life.If so,is it something to be applauded or condemned?Is it wrong to treat certain things-such as human organs-as commodities? Human organs-applauded,we can help poor person who needs organs,but commodities is differen.

Power of Short Words in Business Writing

Power of Short Words in Business Writing I’ve long admired Richard Lederer’s writing on language. In his 1991 book, The Miracle of Language, Lederer sings the praises of the short word: When you speak and write, there is no law that says you have to use big words. Short words are as good as long ones, and short, old words- like sun and grass and home- are best of all. A lot of small words, more than you might think, can meet your needs with a strength, grace, and charm that large words do not have. Big words can make the way dark for those who read what you write and hear what you say. Small words cast their clear light on big things- night and day, love and hate, war and peace, and life and death. Big words at times seem strange to the eye and the ear and the mind and the heart. Small words are the ones we seem to have known from the time we were born, like the hearth fire that warms the home. Short words are bright like sparks that glow in the night, prompt like the dawn that greets the day, sharp like the blade of a knife, hot like salt tears that scald the cheek, quick like moths that flit from flame to flame, and terse like the dart and sting of a bee. Here is a sound rule: Use small, old words where you can. If a long word says just what you want to say, do not fear to use it. But know that our tongue is rich in crisp, brisk, swift, short words. Make them the spine and the heart of what you speak and write. Short words are like fast friends. They will not let you down. These four paragraphs contain 221 words, all of them one syllable. MS Word’s Readibility Score is 100% – the highest score possible. These short words are both profound and easy to absorb. It is simple, but not simplistic, and very persuasive. This passage represents clear, vivid, effective writing that can be easily absorbed by business people battling information overload. The most evocative Bible passages and many proverbs use this same short word structure: In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. (John 1.1) A stitch in time saves nine. This does not mean â€Å"Don’t use big words.† We must use big words in our business writing and conversation, when they express a meaning no other word can. We work with technical and industry terms, and sometimes a big word best depicts this. Two tips on clarity I always highlight in business writing courses: Never use a big word when a small word will do. Write to express, not to impress

Ecological Footprint essays

Ecological Footprint essays As you read down through my ecological footprint summary, you can see that there is a huge problem with the amount of resources that I use. If everyone lived like me, there would be a need for six and a half planets to keep the system of our vast planet from shutting down. We all grew up with buzz words like acid rain, ozone layer, global warming, Exxon Valdez, Cheronobyl, and so on. We didn't have to learn about the environmental movement, we were born into it. The big reason why you should buy locally produced food is simple,trucks spew exhaust and trucks that travel further spew more exhaust. Favour products that are produced locally less distance means less pollution It's a matter of math that a reduced meat lifestyle has less impact on the environment. It takes 4 lbs of cereal grains to make 1 lb of chicken; eating meat is essentially an inefficient way of eating vegetable products. When we eat grains in this manner, much more has to be produced then we really needthat means more pesticides, more water wasted, more transportation, etc. It's true that a lot of beef cattle just range on grass but there are still the issues of methane (one of the most potent greenhouse gases) from livestock, antibiotics in our food, soil erosion, and the treatment of animals An "Ecological Footprint" is a measure of the "load" imposed on the natural environment by a given population and represents the land area necessary to sustain current levels of resource consumption and waste discharge by the population. Human activities such as eating, traveling, heating homes, and purchasing consumer items all contribute to ecological footprints. Yet, the Earth's population grows by nearly 100 million people each year. And all over the planet ,productive ecosystems and farms are being converted into subdivisions, parking lots, industrial parks, shopping malls and highways - all ecological wastelands.the automobile, fast a ...

Offensive Ad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Offensive Ad - Essay Example I have however, submitted this report for your review and to further guide your future marketing decisions. The report is a comprehensive one and raises all issues with offensive advertising. After reading wide on the theory of advertising and what the society considers as offensive, I set off to do a survey using Dale Wurfel Used Vehicles. Luxury German auto-maker BMWs original 2008 ad featured a female model lying on a bed, looking seductively at the camera. Both ads display the same image. This ad features a young blonde woman who is considered a non virgin as the copy reads â€Å"You know you are not really the first. But do you really care?† Well, used car owners may not care about buying a used car but I’m sure many women will care that they are being objectified in order to sell used cars. The two images are displayed below. 7 To examine how consumers react to print advertisements on second hand cars that have been labeled as offensive. I also compare the dimensions of consumer perceptions for different respondents and how consumer perceptions are related with intentions to reject the products and the brands because of the ads. A survey of 25 respondents aged 17 to 58 from Strathoy, Ontario where the used Dale Wurfel dealership is located. A questionnaire with two ads containing sexism and other themes was constructed. Data were collected through the neighborhood. Findings on perceptions of the offensive advertisements among the respondents were mixed. Overall, as expected, older respondents were less accepting of offensive advertising, as they liked the advertisements less than younger respondents. However, they were also more likely than younger respondents to find the advertisements convincing and informative. Results showed that old respondents and young respondents had different dimensions of advertising perceptions. The two print advertisements that received the most negative perceptions both contained sexually-oriented body images. The

Business law essay questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Business law questions - Essay Example This instrument is promissory note as Elle unconditionally promise to pay Frank a sum of $ 600 on or before six months from the date of writing the note. Nonetheless, this instrument is not negotiable since for an instrument to be negotiable there must be certain conditions, which should be fulfilled. In this case, the instrument does not have a signature hence it is not negotiable. Drawer of a negotiable instrument other than making unconditional promise to pay should signed in order for the document to be binding. Unfortunately, Elle may later on claim that she never wrote the note since her signature does not appear. It is essential for negotiable instruments to have signature of the drawer. 2. Discount Stores, Inc., borrows $5,000 each from EZ Loan Corporation, First National Bank, and Great Products Corporation. Discount uses its "present inventory and any thereafter acquired" to secure the loans from EZ Loan and First National. EZ Loan perfects its interest on April 1, followed by First National on April 5. Discount buys new inventory on April 10 from Great Products and signs a security agreement, giving Great Products a purchase-money security interest in the new inventory. On the same day, Great Products perfects its interest and notifies EZ Loan and First National. Discount takes possession of the new inventory on April 15. On April 20, Discount defaults on all of the loans. Whose security interest has priority? According to the Personal Property Securities Act 1999, the general rule for priority of financing statement as provided for in Section 66 affirms that any perfected security interest within an agreement has the priority or capability over unperfected security interest of the same collateral that has been used in the agreement. On a different perspective, the same Section 66 provides that the party who was able to perfect it first should determine priority experienced between perfected securities interests within common

Strategic Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Strategic Plan - Essay Example The focal point of this notion declares that it has become highly necessary for school managements to realize and acknowledge the importance of developing a comprehensive strategic design in governing the operations of the institution. Therefore, the purpose of this strategic plan for Paulo Freire Charter School (PFCS) is to critically analyze, examine and assess the extensive categories of strategic planning and implementation with respect to the organization. The report aims to achieve this purpose by specifically addressing particular areas of strategy which are classified under the implementation plan, organizational change management strategies, strategic financial management and risk management plan for Paulo Freire Charter School (PFCS). Implementation Plan Gamage (2006) states that the stage of planning is conducted prior to decision-making as the entire concept fundamentally defines the chronological activities that are to undertaken by an organization for the attainment of its overall objectives. Once conducted in an effective manner, planning can also aid the enhancement of various processes within the school; these processes include resource utilization, agreement on management practices and leadership styles or approaches and granting the management, staff and students with a shared vision and a sense of direction (Gamage 2006). To understand the concept of strategic planning in a systematic manner it is important to realize the basic processes which it is comprised of, these processes include; establishing objectives, setting targets and placing appropriate monitors of performance and allocating organizational resources (Spee and Jarzabkowski 2011). The subsequent sections of the strategic plan for Paulo Freire Charter School (PFCS) aim to follow this pattern of progress with the integration of pertinent educational management concepts and dimensions. Objectives Davies and Ellison (2013) highlight the distinguishing features of an Improvement Obje ctive (IO) which is defined as the focus of what an educational institution aims to attain as a consequence of commencing development projects for the school. This notion presents a contrast from the long-term objectives of a school because it is specific to a particular phase or associated with a specific activity. Accordingly, identifying the association between the objectives and the vision of an educational institution holds immense importance because each concept is a reflection of the other. As a centre of learning, PFCS aims to be the forerunner in a highly competitive industry by promoting the highest standards of knowledge, ethics and innovation. The foundations of the school rest on four principles which are that of Inquiry, Investigation, Reflection and Action (Paulo Freire Charter School 2012). This notion postulates that the organization’s adoption of the inquiry based instructional model is the focal point in the achievement of its long-term objectives. Conseque ntly, the formulation of appropriate objectives and there subsequent achievement by the school is also critical to its financial

Deontological ethics Essay Example for Free

Deontological ethics Essay Deontological ethics is too rigid in its emphasis on duties, utilitarian ethics too keen to override basic human rights. Deontology and utilitarianism are both types of ethics referring to how one reacts in a certain situation. Deontology is based on following a set of duties and sticking to these duties no matter what the consequences whereas utilitarianism is based on choosing the best outcome over a short term and long term even if it means depriving people of basic human rights for example. However does this mean that deontological ethics is too rigid in its emphasis on duties and that utilitarian ethics is too keen to override basic human rights? According to a deontologist ones actions must be determined by a set of duties regardless of whether the long term consequences are good or bad. A deontologist believes in human morals and that every human has certain rights and these morals and rights should not be betrayed no matter what the cost for example sacrificing one life to save one hundred lives would be unacceptable to the deontologist despite the fact the consequences would be better overall. The biggest problem with deontology is knowing which set of duties to follow, there could be a great variation in systems between people from different backgrounds, different social classes, different religions and people from different cultures. For example a Protestant English Lord would have different morals and a different set of duties than a lower class Indian Hindu. It is very difficult to tell which set of duties, if any, is the right one. Deontologists suffer many problems when their duties seem to conflict with themselves or with other duties. One has a duty to save lives but what if in order to do this one must betray another duty for example a husbands sick wife needs life saving medicine but the husband cannot afford to buy it, should he steal the medicine in order to save his wives life or should he not betray his morals and allow his wife to die. This raises the question as to how do we tell which duty is the most important and which is the least? If the consequences o f each are to be considered then this would make it a consequentialist view and not a deontological one. Single duty conflicts cause just as many problems such as two people imminently need a heart transplant but only one organ is available, a deontologist has a duty to save lives but on this occasion only one out of the two can be saved. This is known as the doctrine of double effect and is said that since it is impossible to save both lives, ones duty to save lives has not been broken. Deontology does encounter many problems but also has a number of merits. Since deontologists refuse to betray human rights, every human is guaranteed these rights will not be broken. Deontology would also normally let justice prevail and this is a good quality indeed. According to Utilitarianism On Liberty by John Stuart Mill, mankind is under the governance of two sovereign masters one being pleasure and the other being pain and this in itself determines what we should do and what we actually do. By the principle of utility is meant that principle which approves or disapproves of every action whatsoev er, according to the tendency which it appears to have to augment or diminish the happiness of the party whose interest is in question. (J.S. Mills). According to utilitarian ethics the community at large is considered to be the party in question and so the interest of the community is the sum of the interests of the individual or the sum total of the communities pleasures against the sum total of its pains. A man may be said to be a utilitarian when his actions are determined by the consequences which will increase the total amount of pleasure throughout the parties involved or to reduce the total amount of pain throughout the same parties. J.S. Mills also claims that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to promote the reverse of happiness The major problem with utilitarianism is the conflict it creates with ordinary morality for example sacrificing innocent lives in order to save a greater number of people. The problem with morality in this case is obvious as no one has the right to take another human life, however the long term consequences will be better as more lives are save d. Another serious problem is the difficulty in determining the consequences of a certain action. It is impossible to predict the future with this sort of accuracy and so how do we know if one action will bring better consequences than another action. This is why determining the long term consequences is a lot more difficult than the short term consequences and is another serious problem with Jeremy Benthams utilitarian theory. Utilitarianism is based on the total amount of happiness of everyone concerned, but whose happiness counts? Every human or only those with sound body and mind? It is this problem that creates extreme difficulty in determining the total amount of happiness for those concerned. J.S. Mill claims that both mental and physical pleasure counts with intellectual activities giving the most pleasure despite his godfather, Jeremy Benthams, theory claiming the opposite. However this gives rise to another problem as it is impossible to quantify happiness and so there is no way to guarantee that one action will bring a greater amount of happiness than another action. However utilitarianism is not all bad and Benthams beliefs did have some good qualities. Since utilitarianism represents the community as a whole and not just individuals it is a very selfless way of thought as a utilitarian would consider causing himself a small amount of pain in order to give everyone a large amount of happiness as worth it. Deontological and utilitarian ethics both have a lot of problems as I have shown. Deontological duties often mean that the action with the best outcome is not selected and these duties themselves often conflict with each other causing even more problems with which action should be taken. On the other hand Utilitarianism often betrays human rights and morals in order to achieve the best consequence to such an extent that betraying these rights may not even be worth it. Also consequences are very difficult to predict and often unforeseen things can happen changing the long term outcome for the worst. So I would have to agree that Deontological ethics is too rigid in its emphasis on duties and Utilitarian ethics too keen to override basic human rights.

An Android Application Development

An Android Application Development This paper talks briefly about developing applications on the android mobile platform using the Java Programming language. The overview includes introduction to the android platform features, architecture, APIs, application framework and the android SDK. A Hello World application walks you through the development process to understand the concepts of the android software stack and the tools involved. In late 2007, a group of industry leaders came together around the Android Platform to form the Open Handset Alliance (http://www.openhandsetalliance.com). Some of the alliances prominent members include:   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sprint Nextel à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ T-Mobile   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Motorola à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Samsung   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sony Ericsson à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Toshiba   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Vodafone   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Google   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Intel   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Texas Instruments.   Android was designed to serve the needs of mobile operators, handset manufacturers, and application developers [3]. Android is: A software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system (Linux Kernel version 2.6), middleware and key applications. The Android SDK provides the tools and APIs necessary to begin developing applications on the Android platform using the Java programming language [1]. The Figure1: Android Architecture diagram gives a good overview of what constitutes the android platform. Android includes a set of C/C++ libraries (indicated green in Figure1) used by various components of the Android system. These capabilities are exposed to developers through the Android application framework. Android Platform Features: The following is an explanation of the building blocks of the platform as indicated in Figure1. Application framework: Developers have full access to the same framework APIs used by the core applications (refer Figure1) written in Java. An application can publish its capabilities and any other application may then make use of those capabilities. Underlying all applications is a set of services and systems, including: A rich and extensible set of Views that can be used to build an application, including lists, grids, text boxes, buttons, and even an embeddable web browser Content Providers that enable applications to access data from other applications (such as Contacts), or to share their own data A Resource Manager, providing access to non-code resources such as localized strings, graphics, and layout files A Notification Manager that enables all applications to display custom alerts in the status bar An Activity Manager that manages the lifecycle of applications and provides a common navigation backstack Dalvik virtual machine optimized for mobile devices, executes files in the Dalvik Executable (.dex) format. The dx tool included in the SDK converts .class files into .dex files. Integrated browser based on the open source WebKit engine Optimized graphics powered by a custom 2D graphics library; 3D graphics based on the OpenGL ES 1.0 specification (hardware acceleration optional) SQLite for structured data storage Media support for common audio, video, and still image formats (MPEG4, H.264, MP3, AAC, AMR, JPG, PNG, GIF) GSM Telephony (hardware dependent) Bluetooth, EDGE, 3G, and WiFi (hardware dependent) Camera, GPS, compass, and accelerometer (hardware dependent) Rich development environment including a device emulator, tools for debugging, memory and performance profiling, and a plugin for the Eclipse IDE Application Fundamentals: Android applications are written in the Java programming language. The compiled Java code along with any data and resource files required by the application is bundled by the aapt tool into an Android package, an archive file marked by an .apk suffix. This file is the vehicle for distributing the application and installing it on mobile devices; its the file users download to their devices. All the code in a single .apk file is considered to be one application. By default, every application runs in its own Linux process, with a unique linux user id. Each process has its own virtual machine (VM). Application Components: Android applications consist of loosely coupled components, bound using a project manifest that describes each component and how they interact. There are six components that provide the building blocks for your applications: 1) Activities: Your applications presentation layer. Every screen in your application will be an extension of the Activity class. Activities use Views to form graphical user interfaces that displays information and respond to user actions. In terms of desktop development, an Activity is equivalent to a Form. 2) Services: Services are the invisible workers of your application. Service components run invisibly, updating your data sources and visible Activities and triggering Notifi cations. Theyre used to perform regular processing that needs to continue even when your applications Activities arent active or visible. 3) Content Providers: Are a shareable data store. Content Providers are used to manage and share application databases. Content Providers are the preferred way of sharing data across application boundaries. This means that you can confi gure your own Content Providers to permit access from other applications and use Content Providers exposed by others to access their stored data. Android devices include several native Content Providers that expose useful databases like contact information. 4) Intents: They are simple message-passing framework. Using Intents, you can broadcast messages system-wide or to a target Activity or Service, stating your intention to have an action performed. The system will then determine the target(s) that will perform any actions as appropriate. 5) Broadcast Receivers: By creating and registering a Broadcast Receiver, your application can listen for broadcast Intents that match specific filter criteria. Broadcast Receivers will automatically start your application to respond to an incoming Intent, making them ideal for event-driven applications. 6) Notifications: They are user notification framework. Notifi cations let you signal users without stealing focus or interrupting their current Activities. They are the preferred technique for getting a users attention from within a Service or Broadcast Receiver. For example, when a device receives a text message or an incoming call, it alerts you by fl ashing lights, making sounds, displaying icons, or showing dialog messages. You can trigger these same events from your own applications using Notifications. By decoupling the dependencies between application components, you can share and interchange individual pieces, such as Content Providers or Services, with other applications both your own and those of third parties. The manifest file: The AndroidManifest.xml file is where your global settings are made. If you are an ASP.NET developer, you can think of AndroidManifest.xml as Web.config and Global.asax rolled into one. (If you are not an ASP.NET developer, this means that AndroidManifest.xml is a place for storing settings.) AndroidManifest.xml will include such settings as application permissions, Activities, and intent filters. [4] Please refer to Code 1: Manifest file Building Hello World Application: We will write the first android application, Hello World, using the eclipse IDE. Make sure that you have a suitable version of Eclipse(3.5 or 3.6 recommended) installed on your computer. Download the windows .zip file for the SDK starter package. Unpack the SDK files into a directory named android-sdk- in a safe location on your computer. Next, install the Eclipse(3.5 or 3.6) ADT plug-in for Android as follows: Start Eclipse, then select Help > Install New Software. Click Add, in the top-right corner. In the Add Repository dialog that appears, enter ADT Plugin for the Name and the following URL for the Location: https://dl-ssl.google.com/android/eclipse/ In Available Software dialog, select checkbox next to Developer Tools, click Next In the next window, youll see a list of the tools to be downloaded. Click Next. Read and accept the license agreements, then click Finish. When the installation completes, restart Eclipse. Then, configure ADT by doing following steps: Select Window > Preferences to open the Preferences panel Select Android from the left panel. For the SDK Location in the main panel, click Browse and locate your downloaded SDK directory. Click Apply, then OK. Now, to install a platform in Eclipse: In the Android SDK and AVD Manager, choose Available Packages in the left panel. Click the repository site checkbox to display the components available for installation. Select at least one platform to install, and click Install Selected. If you arent sure which platform to install, use the latest version. Go on, and create an AVD: In Eclipse, choose Window > Android SDK and AVD Manager. Select Virtual Devices in the left panel. Click New. (The Create New AVD dialog appears.) Type the name of the AVD, such as my_avd. Choose a target. The target is the platform (that is, the version of the Android SDK, such as 2.1) you want to run on the emulator. You can ignore the rest of the fields for now. Click Create AVD. Create a New Android Project: After youve created an AVD, the next step is to start a new Android project in Eclipse. Please refer to Figure 12: New Android Project and also follow the steps below. Fill in the project details with the following values: Project name: HelloAndroid Application name: Hello, Android Package name: com.example.helloandroid (or your own private namespace) Create Activity: HelloAndroid Click Finish. Here is a description of each field: Project Name: The name of the directory that will contain the project files. Application Name: This is the human-readable title for your application the name that will appear on the Android device. Package Name: This is the package namespace (following the same rules as for packages in the Java programming language) that you want all your source code to reside under. This also sets the package name under which the stub Activity will be generated. Your package name must be unique across all packages installed on the Android system; for this reason, its important to use a standard domain-style package for your applications. The example above uses the com.example namespace, which is a namespace reserved for example documentation when you develop your own applications, you should use a namespace thats appropriate to your organization or entity. Create Activity This is the name for the class stub that will be generated by the plugin. This will be a subclass of Androids Activity class. An Activity is simply a class that can run and do work. It can create a UI if it chooses, but it doesnt need to. As the checkbox suggests, this is optional, but an Activity is almost always used as the basis for an application. Min SDK Version: This value specifies the minimum API Level required by your application. For more information, see Android API Levels. Other fields: The checkbox for Use default location allows you to change the location on disk where the projects files will be generated and stored. Build Target is the platform target that your application will be compiled against (this should be selected automatically, based on your Min SDK Version). Notice that the Build Target youve selected uses the Android 1.1 platform. This means that your application will be compiled against the Android 1.1 platform library. If you recall, the AVD created above runs on the Android 1.5 platform. These dont have to match; Android applications are forward-compatible, so an application built against the 1.1 platform library will run normally on the 1.5 platform. The reverse is not true. Your Android project is now ready. It should be visible in the Package Explorer on the left. Open the HelloAndroid.java file, located inside HelloAndroid > src > com.example.helloandroid). Please refer to Code2: HelloAndroid. Notice that the class is based on the Activity class. An Activity is a single application entity that is used to perform actions. An application may have many separate activities, but the user interacts with them one at a time. The onCreate() method will be called by the Android system when your Activity starts it is where you should perform all initialization and UI setup. An activity is not required to have a user interface, but usually will. Now lets modify some code! Construct the UI Please refer to Code 3: Construct UI An Android user interface is composed of hierarchies of objects called Views. A View is a drawable object used as an element in your UI layout, such as a button, image, or (in this case) a text label. Each of these objects is a subclass of the View class and the subclass that handles text is TextView. In this change, you create a TextView with the class constructor, which accepts an Android Context instance as its parameter. A Context is a handle to the system; it provides services like resolving resources, obtaining access to databases and preferences, and so on. The Activity class inherits from Context, and because your HelloAndroid class is a subclass of Activity, it is also a Context. So, you can pass this as your Context reference to the TextView. Next, you define the text content with setText(). Finally, you pass the TextView to setContentView() in order to display it as the content for the Activity UI. If your Activity doesnt call this method, then no UI is present and the system will display a blank screen. There it is Hello, World in Android! The next step, of course, is to see it running. Run the Application: The Eclipse plugin makes it easy to run your applications: Select Run > Run. Select Android Application. The Eclipse plugin automatically creates a new run configuration for your project and then launches the Android Emulator. Depending on your environment, the Android emulator might take several minutes to boot fully, so please be patient. When the emulator is booted, the Eclipse plugin installs your application and launches the default Activity. You should now see something like this: Please refer to Figure 4: Hello Android. The Hello, Android you see in the grey bar is actually the application title. The Eclipse plugin creates this automatically (the string is defined in the res/values/strings.xml file and referenced by your AndroidManifest.xml file). The text below the title is the actual text that you have created in the TextView object. Conclusion: That concludes the basic Hello World tutorial. Refer to http://developer.android.com/index.html for more information. To do that, android offers a number of APIs for developing your applications. The following list of core APIs that provide an insight into whats available; all Android devices will offer support for at least these Java APIs[2]: android.util: The core utility package contains low-level classes like specialized containers, string formatters, and XML parsing utilities. com.google.android.maps: A high-level API that provides access to native map controls that you can use within your application. Includes the MapView control as well as the overlay and MapController classes used to annotate and control your embedded maps. android.text: The text processing tools for displaying and parsing text. android.database: low-level classes required for working with databases. Figures: Figure 1: Android Architecture Diagram Figure2: New Android Project Figure3: New Android Project Figure 4: Hello Android Code 1: Manifest File android:icon=@drawable/small_pic.png android:label=@string/freneticLabel . . . > . . . Code 2: HelloAndroid package com.example.helloandroid; import android.app.Activity; import android.os.Bundle; public class HelloAndroid extends Activity { /** Called when the activity is first created. */ @Override public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.main); } } Code 3: Construct UI package com.example.helloandroid; import android.app.Activity; import android.os.Bundle; import android.widget.TextView; public class HelloAndroid extends Activity { /** Called when the activity is first created. */ @Override public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); TextView tv = new TextView(this); tv.setText(Hello, Android); setContentView(tv); } }